Membrane flow through Golgi compartments
... DOG medium (Fig. 3C). After 30-45 minutes of incubation in DOG medium, the perinuclear reticular structure stained by Helix pomatia disappeared (Fig. 3D,H,I) and a haze of fluorescence was spread throughout most of the area stained with an antibody against the ER marker protein disulphide isomerase ...
... DOG medium (Fig. 3C). After 30-45 minutes of incubation in DOG medium, the perinuclear reticular structure stained by Helix pomatia disappeared (Fig. 3D,H,I) and a haze of fluorescence was spread throughout most of the area stained with an antibody against the ER marker protein disulphide isomerase ...
3. The Sea Urchin
... case of sperm). Depending on the species, several millilitres of ripe eggs or sperm can be obtained from a single animal and the embryos can be conveniently reared in finger bowls or in stirring cultures. The major stages of early development in the sea urchin are shown in 3.1-3.15, and each stage w ...
... case of sperm). Depending on the species, several millilitres of ripe eggs or sperm can be obtained from a single animal and the embryos can be conveniently reared in finger bowls or in stirring cultures. The major stages of early development in the sea urchin are shown in 3.1-3.15, and each stage w ...
Evidence for land plant cell wall biosynthetic mechanisms in
... genomes have been published to date, chloroplast genome analysis as well as recent evidence from phylogenetic analysis of transcriptomic data has suggested that the Zygnematophyceae is the closest living relative of land plants (Turmel et al., 2006, 2007; Wodniok et al., 2011; Timme et al., 2012; Zh ...
... genomes have been published to date, chloroplast genome analysis as well as recent evidence from phylogenetic analysis of transcriptomic data has suggested that the Zygnematophyceae is the closest living relative of land plants (Turmel et al., 2006, 2007; Wodniok et al., 2011; Timme et al., 2012; Zh ...
Connection of the Mitochondrial Outer and Inner Membranes by
... in the matrix space, as was first suggested by Hales and Fuller (1997). (b) Alternatively, the hydrophobic region could span the mitochondrial outer membrane twice, and the COOH-terminal domain would thus face the cytosol. (c) If there is only one transmembrane domain, the COOH-terminal end of Fzo1 ...
... in the matrix space, as was first suggested by Hales and Fuller (1997). (b) Alternatively, the hydrophobic region could span the mitochondrial outer membrane twice, and the COOH-terminal domain would thus face the cytosol. (c) If there is only one transmembrane domain, the COOH-terminal end of Fzo1 ...
Arabidopsis whole-transcriptome profiling defines - Plant-o
... the physiological changes that might occur in the different stages (Figure 3c). For instance, the number of genes involved in protein synthesis and cell cycle control was higher in Groups I and II (i.e., up regulated in immature stage) and, then, sharply decreased in Groups V and VI (i.e., upregulat ...
... the physiological changes that might occur in the different stages (Figure 3c). For instance, the number of genes involved in protein synthesis and cell cycle control was higher in Groups I and II (i.e., up regulated in immature stage) and, then, sharply decreased in Groups V and VI (i.e., upregulat ...
Expression of Nuclear Lamin A and Muscle
... hE transition of embryonic myoblasts to multinucleated myotubes is marked by the withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell cycle, and is accompanied by considerable changes in the expression of muscle-specific contractile proteins (Nadal-Ginard, 1978; Coleman and Coleman, 1968). The transcriptional acti ...
... hE transition of embryonic myoblasts to multinucleated myotubes is marked by the withdrawal of myoblasts from the cell cycle, and is accompanied by considerable changes in the expression of muscle-specific contractile proteins (Nadal-Ginard, 1978; Coleman and Coleman, 1968). The transcriptional acti ...
1 Function of the Arabidopsis kinesin-4, FRA1, requires
... Plants contain a large number of kinesins but little is known about which ones are used for transport and microtubule regulatory functions (Richardson et al., 2006; Zhu and Dixit, 2012). Since kinesin-1, 2 and 3 members are absent in plants, other classes of kinesins probably perform plus-end-direct ...
... Plants contain a large number of kinesins but little is known about which ones are used for transport and microtubule regulatory functions (Richardson et al., 2006; Zhu and Dixit, 2012). Since kinesin-1, 2 and 3 members are absent in plants, other classes of kinesins probably perform plus-end-direct ...
Spermatogenesis
... initially forms in syncytium with a cytoplasmic core called the rachis. Upon entering meiosis, the primary spermatocyte buds off the rachis and completes development without any requirement for intimate association with other cells. As in most cells, nuclear divisions are closely coordinated with cy ...
... initially forms in syncytium with a cytoplasmic core called the rachis. Upon entering meiosis, the primary spermatocyte buds off the rachis and completes development without any requirement for intimate association with other cells. As in most cells, nuclear divisions are closely coordinated with cy ...
Print - Circulation Research
... THE FORM and function of the heart are the final result of an integration of cells, tissues, and extracellular material. The structure of many extracellular macromolecules is known, but studies of the cardiac extracellular matrix are still inadequate to provide a comprehensive understanding of it. T ...
... THE FORM and function of the heart are the final result of an integration of cells, tissues, and extracellular material. The structure of many extracellular macromolecules is known, but studies of the cardiac extracellular matrix are still inadequate to provide a comprehensive understanding of it. T ...
Actin-Dependent and -Independent Functions of
... plasma membrane are involved in the branching of trichomes (Folkers et al., 2002). To provide support for the idea that cortical microtubules (and not other types of microtubule configurations, such as endoplasmic microtubules) are the basis of branching in trichomes, we analyzed the branching proces ...
... plasma membrane are involved in the branching of trichomes (Folkers et al., 2002). To provide support for the idea that cortical microtubules (and not other types of microtubule configurations, such as endoplasmic microtubules) are the basis of branching in trichomes, we analyzed the branching proces ...
Requirement for ß-Catenin in Anterior
... the first mesoderm forms in the primitive streak region at the posterior side of the embryo. However, recent experiments show that anterior-posterior polarity is established at least 1 d earlier (for reviews see Tam and Behringer, 1997; Beddington and Robertson, 1999): first signs of anterior-poster ...
... the first mesoderm forms in the primitive streak region at the posterior side of the embryo. However, recent experiments show that anterior-posterior polarity is established at least 1 d earlier (for reviews see Tam and Behringer, 1997; Beddington and Robertson, 1999): first signs of anterior-poster ...
RNA interference screening in Drosophila primary cells for genes
... 1998; Chen and Olson, 2004). However, genetic analyses of myofibril assembly have been limited because the functional disruption of genes involved in this process may not allow development to proceed to late larval stages, at which phenotypes ...
... 1998; Chen and Olson, 2004). However, genetic analyses of myofibril assembly have been limited because the functional disruption of genes involved in this process may not allow development to proceed to late larval stages, at which phenotypes ...
In vitro phosphorylation of the movement protein of tomato mosaic
... cell extract. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that the MP was phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Phosphorylation of the MP was decreased by addition of kinase inhibitors such as heparin, suramin and quercetin, which are known to be effective for casein kinase II (CK II). The phosph ...
... cell extract. Phosphoamino acid analysis revealed that the MP was phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues. Phosphorylation of the MP was decreased by addition of kinase inhibitors such as heparin, suramin and quercetin, which are known to be effective for casein kinase II (CK II). The phosph ...
Antisickling Activity and Membrane Stabilizing Effect of
... In Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), our research team has initiated a large ethnopharmacological survey in order to identify plants that are used in the management of sickle cell anemia, and to verify the effectiveness thereof [3,4,13,16-19]. For many plants already investigated, anthocyanins ...
... In Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), our research team has initiated a large ethnopharmacological survey in order to identify plants that are used in the management of sickle cell anemia, and to verify the effectiveness thereof [3,4,13,16-19]. For many plants already investigated, anthocyanins ...
Caryoneme alternative to chromosome and a new caryological
... nowadays in the sense of a substance containing, consisting of, or showing the staining and other reactions of deoxypentose nucleic acid. In the present state of biochemical and genetical knowledge, it seems doubtful whether it continues to serve as a useful purpose.” As a matter of fact, Barber & C ...
... nowadays in the sense of a substance containing, consisting of, or showing the staining and other reactions of deoxypentose nucleic acid. In the present state of biochemical and genetical knowledge, it seems doubtful whether it continues to serve as a useful purpose.” As a matter of fact, Barber & C ...
Mudskipper gill MR cell ion-transport proteins
... of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) by amiloride. Measured transepithelial potentials could not account for ammonia effluxes in high environmental ammonia levels, indicating that ammonia efflux is active. The branchial epithelium of this species is unique among species of mudskipper and teleost fishes in ...
... of the Na+/H+ exchanger (NHE) by amiloride. Measured transepithelial potentials could not account for ammonia effluxes in high environmental ammonia levels, indicating that ammonia efflux is active. The branchial epithelium of this species is unique among species of mudskipper and teleost fishes in ...
Bacterial chromosome segregation
... oriC replication origins, located in the opposite halves of the cell, and about 50% of the chromosome already replicated (Lau et al., 2003). In contrast to eukaryotic cells, chromosome segregation and cell division in fast growing bacteria occur while chromosomes undergo replication. Nevertheless, D ...
... oriC replication origins, located in the opposite halves of the cell, and about 50% of the chromosome already replicated (Lau et al., 2003). In contrast to eukaryotic cells, chromosome segregation and cell division in fast growing bacteria occur while chromosomes undergo replication. Nevertheless, D ...
Did trypanosomatid parasites have photosynthetic
... occurred in this group, it would be quite challenging to convincingly trace the endosymbiotic origin of these organelles with the aid of molecular phylogenetic topologies alone. Consequently, alternative explanations to the plastids-early hypothesis include discussions about horizontal gene transfer ...
... occurred in this group, it would be quite challenging to convincingly trace the endosymbiotic origin of these organelles with the aid of molecular phylogenetic topologies alone. Consequently, alternative explanations to the plastids-early hypothesis include discussions about horizontal gene transfer ...
The `ins` and `outs` of flavonoid transport
... Subcellular sites of flavonoid biosynthesis The enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis are believed to be localized on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), organized into a multi-enzyme complex centered around the ER-associated cytochrome P450 enzymes cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3 ...
... Subcellular sites of flavonoid biosynthesis The enzymes of flavonoid biosynthesis are believed to be localized on the cytosolic side of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), organized into a multi-enzyme complex centered around the ER-associated cytochrome P450 enzymes cinnamate 4-hydroxylase, flavonoid 3 ...
A Definitive, Rapid Alternative to the Gram Stain Assay
... groups of bacteria by the identification of differences in the structure of their cell walls. The Gram stain assay differentiates bacteria into two groups. Gram positive organisms have high levels of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retain the primary crystal violet stain and appear purple. ...
... groups of bacteria by the identification of differences in the structure of their cell walls. The Gram stain assay differentiates bacteria into two groups. Gram positive organisms have high levels of peptidoglycan in their cell walls, which retain the primary crystal violet stain and appear purple. ...
C-terminal EH-domain-containing proteins
... mammalian cells is crucial for many essential cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake, control of ion channels, retrieval of synaptic vesicle components in neurons, and the regulated expression of signaling receptors and adhesion molecules at the cell surface (Conner and Schmid, 2003). Just as i ...
... mammalian cells is crucial for many essential cellular processes, such as nutrient uptake, control of ion channels, retrieval of synaptic vesicle components in neurons, and the regulated expression of signaling receptors and adhesion molecules at the cell surface (Conner and Schmid, 2003). Just as i ...
Regulatory assembly of the vacuolar proton pump VOV1
... to monitor the variable subunit composition of VOV1-ATPase parts. VOV1-ATPase shows a remarkable dis- and re-assembling process in response to nutrition conditions. In order to gain detailed information about this process we focused on subunits C and E of the V1 part. Different fluorescent proteins ...
... to monitor the variable subunit composition of VOV1-ATPase parts. VOV1-ATPase shows a remarkable dis- and re-assembling process in response to nutrition conditions. In order to gain detailed information about this process we focused on subunits C and E of the V1 part. Different fluorescent proteins ...
Protein dynamics and proteolysis in plant vacuoles
... the emerging daughter cells cannot be excluded. De novo generation of a vacuole was even observed in specializing cells after cell division ceased (Hoh et al., 1995). It is not clear whether de novo formation of vacuoles starts from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as suggested by Marty (1999) or from ...
... the emerging daughter cells cannot be excluded. De novo generation of a vacuole was even observed in specializing cells after cell division ceased (Hoh et al., 1995). It is not clear whether de novo formation of vacuoles starts from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) as suggested by Marty (1999) or from ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
... systems will allow for monitoring growth during the entire life cycle of plants. For example, one could analyse how the onset of inflorescence growth affects growth of rosette leaves, or how leaf and root growth are related. Very few studies have addressed the latter question, but evidence suggests ...
Expression of the Nucleus-Encoded Chloroplast Division Genes and
... division-related genes and proteins that are encoded in some of these algal chloroplast genomes were analyzed. The results show that most but not all the nucleus-encoded chloroplast division genes and proteins, regardless of origin, are expressed during the S phase and that the expression of the chl ...
... division-related genes and proteins that are encoded in some of these algal chloroplast genomes were analyzed. The results show that most but not all the nucleus-encoded chloroplast division genes and proteins, regardless of origin, are expressed during the S phase and that the expression of the chl ...
Cytokinesis
Cytokinesis (cyto- + kinesis) is the process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells. It usually initiates during the early stages of mitosis, and sometimes meiosis, splitting a mitotic cell in two, to ensure that chromosome number is maintained from one generation to the next. After cytokinesis two (daughter) cells will be formed that are exact copies of the (parent) original cell. After cytokinesis, each daughter cell is in the interphase portion of the cell cycle. In animal cells, one notable exception to the normal process of cytokinesis is oogenesis (the creation of an ovum in the ovarian follicle of the ovary), where the ovum takes almost all the cytoplasm and organelles, leaving very little for the resulting polar bodies, which then die. Another form of mitosis without cytokinesis occurs in the liver, yielding multinucleate cells. In plant cells, a dividing structure known as the cell plate forms within the centre of the cytoplasm and a new cell wall forms between the two daughter cells.Cytokinesis is distinguished from the prokaryotic process of binary fission.