Interactive comment on “From heterotrophy to autotrophy: a
... This will mislead a reader (that misses the information that the present paper uses the definition of Garnier and Billen (2007)) and assumes that autotrophy and heterotrophy refer to the widely accepted definition of P/R = GPP/(autotrophic R + heterotrophic R). Also, in page 5445 lines 24-29, the au ...
... This will mislead a reader (that misses the information that the present paper uses the definition of Garnier and Billen (2007)) and assumes that autotrophy and heterotrophy refer to the widely accepted definition of P/R = GPP/(autotrophic R + heterotrophic R). Also, in page 5445 lines 24-29, the au ...
Causes of biodiversity loss in coastal ecosystems
... far greater diversity in body size, from whales to picoplankton, than is found on land. Further, filter feeders create extra levels in aquatic food chains, which tend to be more complex than terrestrial ones (Margulis & Schwartz 1988, WRIIIUCN/UNEP 1992). Marine biological diversity is for most grou ...
... far greater diversity in body size, from whales to picoplankton, than is found on land. Further, filter feeders create extra levels in aquatic food chains, which tend to be more complex than terrestrial ones (Margulis & Schwartz 1988, WRIIIUCN/UNEP 1992). Marine biological diversity is for most grou ...
Biodiversity
... The trends from available indicatorsi suggest that the state of biodiversity is declining, the pressures upon it are increasing, and the benefits derived by humans from biodiversity are diminishing, but that the responses to address its loss are increasing. The overall message from these indicators ...
... The trends from available indicatorsi suggest that the state of biodiversity is declining, the pressures upon it are increasing, and the benefits derived by humans from biodiversity are diminishing, but that the responses to address its loss are increasing. The overall message from these indicators ...
Ecology 1 - New Jersey Institute of Technology
... 6. Food chains “end” with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies. When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Some organisms’ pos ...
... 6. Food chains “end” with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies. When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Some organisms’ pos ...
Grade 6 Science - Pompton Lakes School District
... include nest building to protect young from cold, herding of animals to protect young from predators, and vocalization of animals and colorful plumage to attract mates for breeding. Examples of animal behaviors that affect the probability of plant reproduction could include transferring pollen or se ...
... include nest building to protect young from cold, herding of animals to protect young from predators, and vocalization of animals and colorful plumage to attract mates for breeding. Examples of animal behaviors that affect the probability of plant reproduction could include transferring pollen or se ...
Unit IX - Ecology - Lesson Module
... ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, number pyramids, and biomass pyramids); therefore, the primary focus of assessment should be to give or use illustrations of food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, numbers pyramids, and biomass pyramids for a given ecosystem showing th ...
... ecosystems (including food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, number pyramids, and biomass pyramids); therefore, the primary focus of assessment should be to give or use illustrations of food chains, food webs, energy pyramids, numbers pyramids, and biomass pyramids for a given ecosystem showing th ...
Ecology 4.1, 4.2, 5.1 Slides
... Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Succession can occur in any ecosystem, even in the permanently dark, deep ocean. In 1987, scientists documented an unusual community of organisms living on the remains of a ...
... Succession in a Marine Ecosystem Succession can occur in any ecosystem, even in the permanently dark, deep ocean. In 1987, scientists documented an unusual community of organisms living on the remains of a ...
Is the role of trophic control larger in a stressed ecosystem?
... Earlier, we have shown that a higher average positional keystone index of trophic components leads to less reliable energy flows through a food web (Jordán and Molnár 1999, Jordán et al. 1999). This means that the food supply of higher consumers is more secure if points in the flow network are of si ...
... Earlier, we have shown that a higher average positional keystone index of trophic components leads to less reliable energy flows through a food web (Jordán and Molnár 1999, Jordán et al. 1999). This means that the food supply of higher consumers is more secure if points in the flow network are of si ...
A framework for community and ecosystem
... Community and ecosystem phenotypes of genes The traditional phenotype is the sum of direct genetic and environmental influences on individual trait expression. By contrast, community and ecosystem phenotypes arise from interactions with other species that comprise the community. Whether particular s ...
... Community and ecosystem phenotypes of genes The traditional phenotype is the sum of direct genetic and environmental influences on individual trait expression. By contrast, community and ecosystem phenotypes arise from interactions with other species that comprise the community. Whether particular s ...
Title Urban Ecosystem Services in New York City: A Social
... schemes of ES need to take into account the complex nature of ecological systems, including its non-linear nature, the joint production of ES, the multiple spatial-temporal characteristics, as well as the variety of beneficiaries and decision contexts in which ES are evaluated (Fisher et al., ...
... schemes of ES need to take into account the complex nature of ecological systems, including its non-linear nature, the joint production of ES, the multiple spatial-temporal characteristics, as well as the variety of beneficiaries and decision contexts in which ES are evaluated (Fisher et al., ...
a framework of values: reasons for conserving biodiversity and
... asset. At least on paper, these arguments are strong, as they appeal on a powerful kind of motivation – economic self-interest. However, if we look at them closely, we find that they have few applications. This is particularly true for the first subcategory – nature as a warehouse. The majority of s ...
... asset. At least on paper, these arguments are strong, as they appeal on a powerful kind of motivation – economic self-interest. However, if we look at them closely, we find that they have few applications. This is particularly true for the first subcategory – nature as a warehouse. The majority of s ...
book of abstracts
... At different national levels mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services initiatives are currently undertaken. In synergy the EU DG-Environment (DG-Env) working group MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services) works on a common methodological framework. The MAES work ...
... At different national levels mapping and assessment of ecosystems and their services initiatives are currently undertaken. In synergy the EU DG-Environment (DG-Env) working group MAES (Mapping and Assessment of Ecosystems and their Services) works on a common methodological framework. The MAES work ...
RG report
... and social forces in shaping the current geographic variation in reindeer density and production in Finnmark and its consequenses for ecosystem sustainability. Subobjectives - To provide an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in reindeer density and habitat use, its environemtal correlates an ...
... and social forces in shaping the current geographic variation in reindeer density and production in Finnmark and its consequenses for ecosystem sustainability. Subobjectives - To provide an analysis of spatial and temporal variation in reindeer density and habitat use, its environemtal correlates an ...
See Offprint - Fundación BBVA
... species disappears, its function can be compensated by the increased abundance of another already existing species. As a result, ecosystem functioning does not immediately decline with biodiversity loss. Many ecological situations probably lay in-between these two extremes. Nevertheless, of the 100 ...
... species disappears, its function can be compensated by the increased abundance of another already existing species. As a result, ecosystem functioning does not immediately decline with biodiversity loss. Many ecological situations probably lay in-between these two extremes. Nevertheless, of the 100 ...
Please Note: These assignments were distributed to each student in
... ecosystem in negative ways. As scientists learn more about ecosystems, two things become very clear. The rst is that any change in one part of an ecosystem affects every other part of the ecosystem, many times in ways that no one could have anticipated. The second is that the more we learn, the mor ...
... ecosystem in negative ways. As scientists learn more about ecosystems, two things become very clear. The rst is that any change in one part of an ecosystem affects every other part of the ecosystem, many times in ways that no one could have anticipated. The second is that the more we learn, the mor ...
Landscape Ecology and Natural Disturbances
... to use multiple resources. This matrix also plays three important roles related to biodiversity: • providing habitat at smaller scales, • buffering and increasing the effectiveness of protected areas (e.g., parks and wilderness), and • controlling connectivity in the landscape, including the movemen ...
... to use multiple resources. This matrix also plays three important roles related to biodiversity: • providing habitat at smaller scales, • buffering and increasing the effectiveness of protected areas (e.g., parks and wilderness), and • controlling connectivity in the landscape, including the movemen ...
Does natural selection organize ecosystems for the maintenance of
... photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, nitrogen fixation (using energy from carbohydrates to obtain needed NH3 from N2), nitrate reduction (obtaining energy by turning NO3⫺N into N2), sulphate reduction (the use of sulphate, SO42 ⫺ by anaerobic bacteria as an oxygen source for oxidizing carbohydrates) ...
... photosynthesis, aerobic respiration, nitrogen fixation (using energy from carbohydrates to obtain needed NH3 from N2), nitrate reduction (obtaining energy by turning NO3⫺N into N2), sulphate reduction (the use of sulphate, SO42 ⫺ by anaerobic bacteria as an oxygen source for oxidizing carbohydrates) ...
Ragnar Arnason*
... This paper considers the optimal utilization and management of ecosystem fisheries. It is divided into two main sections. In the first section, a general aggregative ecosystem fishery model is developed and its properties analysed. A major result of this part of the paper is that ecosystem fisheries ...
... This paper considers the optimal utilization and management of ecosystem fisheries. It is divided into two main sections. In the first section, a general aggregative ecosystem fishery model is developed and its properties analysed. A major result of this part of the paper is that ecosystem fisheries ...
10 Interactions of Life
... competition demand for resources, such as food, water, and shelter, in short supply in a community ...
... competition demand for resources, such as food, water, and shelter, in short supply in a community ...
Guide for Valuing Marine Ecosystem Services to Support Nearshore
... environmental outcomes, and • Pipelines and cables management scenarios. • Harbor and port development This guide offers a step-by-step • Liquid natural gas “how to” on the application of specific economic methods to the evaluation of • Wave and wind energy tradeoffs inherent in nearshore management ...
... environmental outcomes, and • Pipelines and cables management scenarios. • Harbor and port development This guide offers a step-by-step • Liquid natural gas “how to” on the application of specific economic methods to the evaluation of • Wave and wind energy tradeoffs inherent in nearshore management ...
Download, PDF, 2.2 mb - Water`s Journey: Everglades
... types of ecosystems that cannot exist in the open ocean. The combination of nutrients, ample light, and shelter make coastal ecosystems diverse and rich. While you don’t commonly find large organisms here (though there are some), these ecosystems provide a haven for juveniles of open-ocean species. ...
... types of ecosystems that cannot exist in the open ocean. The combination of nutrients, ample light, and shelter make coastal ecosystems diverse and rich. While you don’t commonly find large organisms here (though there are some), these ecosystems provide a haven for juveniles of open-ocean species. ...
Predator control of ecosystem nutrient dynamics
... changes in metabolism that change the demand for and release of particular nutrients. Predator consumptive effects are readily observable in field studies, whereas non-consumptive effects tend to be more subtle and thus require systematic predator-exclusion experiments to be revealed. We identified ...
... changes in metabolism that change the demand for and release of particular nutrients. Predator consumptive effects are readily observable in field studies, whereas non-consumptive effects tend to be more subtle and thus require systematic predator-exclusion experiments to be revealed. We identified ...
Parasites, diversity and the ecosystem.
... faeces and at the same time stop emitting scent the trained dogs can locate. It is here, in the caeca, that the parasitic worm lives and interferes with the workings of the caeca (Watson et al 1985). Highly infected grouse have difficulties controlling their scent emission and the dogs, searching b ...
... faeces and at the same time stop emitting scent the trained dogs can locate. It is here, in the caeca, that the parasitic worm lives and interferes with the workings of the caeca (Watson et al 1985). Highly infected grouse have difficulties controlling their scent emission and the dogs, searching b ...
A generic approach to integrate biodiversity considerations in
... reduced submersion of downstream floodplains, which may in turn influence the recharge of groundwater aquifers under these plains, etc.). Projects can also carry out social2 interventions that lead to social change processes being defined as changes in the characteristics of social components (indiv ...
... reduced submersion of downstream floodplains, which may in turn influence the recharge of groundwater aquifers under these plains, etc.). Projects can also carry out social2 interventions that lead to social change processes being defined as changes in the characteristics of social components (indiv ...
Ecosystem services
Humankind benefits in a multitude of ways from ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are becoming known as ecosystem services. Ecosystem services are regularly involved in the provisioning of clean drinking water and the decomposition of wastes. While scientists and environmentalists have discussed ecosystem services implicitly for decades, the ecosystem services concept itself was popularized by the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) in the early 2000s. This grouped ecosystem services into four broad categories: provisioning, such as the production of food and water; regulating, such as the control of climate and disease; supporting, such as nutrient cycles and crop pollination; and cultural, such as spiritual and recreational benefits. To help inform decision-makers, many ecosystem services are being assigned economic values.