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NSAIDs not 4 322
NSAIDs not 4 322

... inhibition of platelet COX and reduces production of TXA2 (a platelet aggregating factor) with prolongation of bleeding time.  Large doses lead to hypoprothrombinaemia and prolongation of coagulation time.  This effect is reversed by vitamin K. ...
Pediatric Critical Care
Pediatric Critical Care

... are 120–180 mL/kg/day, while for pediatric patients they range formation, or inappropriate osmotic shifts, fluids given by these from 80–120 mL/kg/day.5,6 routes should not contain dextrose. Only warm isotonic crystalloids such as Normosol-R (hospira.com), lactated Ringer’s soluFor normothermic, min ...
Playing God? The Ethics of Genetic Manipulation
Playing God? The Ethics of Genetic Manipulation

... The Natural Law Argument Genetic manipulation strikes many people as profoundly unnatural, against the natural order and (sometimes) against God’s order. Is this merely a subjective feeling, shared by some but not all, or does it have some stronger foundation? This argument seems in danger of provi ...
Antidepressant drug overdoses in dogs
Antidepressant drug overdoses in dogs

... hours; however, signs may be delayed with extended-release products. Clinical signs of bupropion overdose include vomiting, dyspnea, salivation, ataxia, seizures, arrhythmias, tremors, and hypotension. Depression can occur at 10 ...
Survey of Methods to Prevent Premature Convergence in
Survey of Methods to Prevent Premature Convergence in

... of an EA search, diversity is helpful for finding promising areas of the search space, but in later stages it is essential to exploit the information already known. Each new study using an EA seems to have a new method to prevent premature convergence and it is not clear which works best under what ...
62 mg/kg/day - NIH Strokenet
62 mg/kg/day - NIH Strokenet

... o 5 at any time during the recruitment of the first 40 subjects o 10 at any time during the recruitment of subjects 41-80 o 12 at any time during the recruitment of patients 81-120 o or if the difference in the number of confirmed ARDS cases between the groups ...
The I148T CFTR allele occurs on multiple haplotypes: A
The I148T CFTR allele occurs on multiple haplotypes: A

... completely penetrant as a simple autosomal recessive allele. This was first appreciated when the frequency of R117H in carriers was observed to be 16-fold higher than the frequency in CF patients.25 In the ethnically diverse US population reported here, the I148T allele is 100-fold more frequent in ...
patient informed consent for appetite suppressants
patient informed consent for appetite suppressants

... “As a physician, I have found the appetite suppressants helpful for period far in excess of 12 weeks and at times in larger doses than those suggested in the labeling. As a physician, I am not required to use the medication as the labeling suggests, but I do use the labeling as a source of informa ...
Basic Genetics and Genomics: A Primer for Nurses
Basic Genetics and Genomics: A Primer for Nurses

... and rare disorders caused by single genes. A newer term, genomics, refers to all of the genes in the human genome and their interactions with each other, the environment, and other cultural and psychosocial factors (Consensus Panel, 2006). The goal of personalized medicine is to create a healthcare ...
Quantitative Genetics
Quantitative Genetics

...  The important point: dominance variance is not directly inherited from parent to offspring. It is due to the interaction of genes from both parents within the individual, and of course only one allele is passed from each parent to the offspring. ...
The Nursing Process
The Nursing Process

... • Medication errors that result in patient harm Adverse drug reactions • Inherent, not preventable event occurring in the normal therapeutic use of a drug • Any reaction that is unexpected, undesirable, and occurs at doses normally used Copyright © 2002, 1998, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights rese ...
P HO I HA
P HO I HA

... lowest effective dose ." Indeed, the NHLBI asthma treatment guidelines themselves instruct that patients should "step down to the least medication necessary to maintain control."" An IVAX label that did not include this downward titration statement would omit important safety information and therefo ...
Vioxx
Vioxx

... 5. What should I do if I am currently taking Vioxx? The risk that an individual patient will suffer a heart attack or stroke related to Vioxx is very small. We encourage people taking Vioxx to contact their physician to discuss discontinuing use of Vioxx and alternative treatments. Any decision abou ...
Driving Ability in Patients with Severe Chronic Low Back
Driving Ability in Patients with Severe Chronic Low Back

... This study included patients who had completed previous tapentadol PR trials for severe low back or osteoarthritis pain. After at least 6 weeks of dose stability, patients continued taking tapentadol PR (50–250 mg twice daily) and could take supplemental immediate-release tapentadol 50 mg, except on ...
sl revision notes on theoretical genetics
sl revision notes on theoretical genetics

... phenotype for every one that had the recessive phenotype. ...
transdermal patches based on solid lipid
transdermal patches based on solid lipid

...  Ex-vivo permeation studies predicted high cumulative amount of drug permeated by using nanoparticles made by polymethacrylic acid.  Histopathological studies confirm that M-SLN transdermal patches is biocompatible for use.  When prescribing transdermal Metformin, one advantage and key point is t ...
International Journal of Pharmacy
International Journal of Pharmacy

... Post-compression tests: Thickness: [10, 26, 27] It is the post-compression parameter which is related to dimensional specifications. It can be measured by using calibrated Vernier calipers. In this, an average of three tablets from each formulation can be noted. The tablet thickness should be contro ...
Immediate hypersensitivity to penicillins with negative skin tests
Immediate hypersensitivity to penicillins with negative skin tests

... truly allergic without doing a drug challenge. Particularly troublesome are the cases with negative skin tests and positive specific IgE: is it a true or false-positive result? Another important question relates to patients with a clear hypersensitivity history but with both negative skin tests and ...
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With VTE and Cancer
Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With VTE and Cancer

... opinion of a third reviewer (C. B.). Studies were considered potentially eligible for this systematic review if they met the following predetermined criteria: (1) they were phase 3 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) or phase 2 RCTs; (2) DOAs were compared with therapeutic doses of vitamin K antagonis ...
Efflux transporters
Efflux transporters

... diffusion and active transporters located on the fetal and maternal side of the tropoblast layer, p-gp on the maternal side of the tropoblast layer mediates the active efflux of lipophillic drugs from the fetal compartment. • Excretion of drugs and endogenous compounds into urine and bile is mainly ...
On the use of population-based registries in the clinical
On the use of population-based registries in the clinical

... and high-risk groups. Before such tests can be used in medical practice, however, epidemiologic studies must be conducted to evaluate their clinical sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value in the general population. For many common adult-onset diseases, this process may take decades ...
Pre- and post-operative management of dental implant placement
Pre- and post-operative management of dental implant placement

... COX‑1  and COX‑2, resulting in decreased production of pain-mediating prostaglandins and thromboxane. However, while the inhibition of COX‑2  is paramount to pain reduction, COX‑1 plays an important role within homeostatic function and its inhibition can produce unwanted side-effects such as alterat ...
Gassull-3-010812-web
Gassull-3-010812-web

... These difficulties can be illustrated by critically reading one of the most cited guidelines in clinical nutrition in the last years [13]. This was a review of the published data on the major item in clinical nutrition, and recommendation were classified as A, B or C depending on the sources they we ...
BER02-021 BETASERON PI
BER02-021 BETASERON PI

... injection site necrosis occurs within the first 4 months of therapy, although post-marketing reports have been received of ISN occurring over 1 year after initiation of therapy. Necrosis may occur at single or multiple injection sites. The necrotic lesions are typically 3 cm or less in diameter, but ...
Genetics
Genetics

... 5. Add up your results to determine the total number of AA, Aa, and aa combinations in the children produced by your coin tosses. Calculate the fractions of these children who have each of the three genotypes. Compare the results for these children (produced by your coin toss matings between heteroz ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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