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Cell Organelles Notes
Cell Organelles Notes

... • One of the larger organelles found in all cells. • The nucleus is usually the shape of a sphere and contains the cell's genetic material inside a smaller sphere within it called the nucleolus. • It is the control center of the cell. • It is found floating in the cytoplasm. • Shade it blue ...
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... • Larger cells • 10 to 100 µm ...
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... • Nutritional state of cell • Size of cell ...
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... Exit from mitosis requires the inactivation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase– cyclin complexes, primarily by ubiquitin-dependent cyclin proteolysis. Cyclin destruction is regulated by a ubiquitin ligase known as the anaphase-promoting complex (APC). In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, m ...
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... The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change . In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar l ...
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... Sacs that may be used as storage for _______, _________, water Salts, proteins carbohydrates _________________, or wastes. Plants have a large central vacuole. ...
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... The vacuole is like a stomach because the stomach stores food and water for the body like the vacuole stores food and water for the cell ...
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... wastes, and enzymes. In plants there is one large central vacuole and in animals there are multiple smaller ones. 20.Organelle—a tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell. 21.Cytoplasm—the material within the cell apart from the nucleus. Aids in transportation and is w ...
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Biochemical switches in the cell cycle



A series of biochemical switches control transitions between and within the various phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle is a series of complex, ordered, sequential events that control how a single cell divides into two cells, and involves several different phases. The phases include the G1 and G2 phases, DNA replication or S phase, and the actual process of cell division, mitosis or M phase. During the M phase, the chromosomes separate and cytokinesis occurs.The switches maintain the orderly progression of the cell cycle and act as checkpoints to ensure that each phase has been properly completed before progression to the next phase. For example, Cdk, or cyclin dependent kinase, is a major control switch for the cell cycle and it allows the cell to move from G1 to S or G2 to M by adding phosphate to protein substrates. Such multi-component (involving multiple inter-linked proteins) switches have been shown to generate decisive, robust (and potentially irreversible) transitions and trigger stable oscillations. As a result, they are a subject of active research that tries to understand how such complex properties are wired into biological control systems.
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