The plasma membrane
... has pores large enough for molecules of dye to pass through. Random movement of dye molecules will cause some to pass through the pores; this will happen more often on the side with more molecules. The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated (called diffusing ...
... has pores large enough for molecules of dye to pass through. Random movement of dye molecules will cause some to pass through the pores; this will happen more often on the side with more molecules. The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated (called diffusing ...
CL_review-RS - The OBO Foundry
... Sourceforge tracker; the Cell Ontology has a wiki page (http://bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/CL:Main_Page), although it has not been heavily used. 15. Clarity and precision of definitions - some definitions are missing. The definitions that are found are often derived from relevant reference public ...
... Sourceforge tracker; the Cell Ontology has a wiki page (http://bioontology.org/wiki/index.php/CL:Main_Page), although it has not been heavily used. 15. Clarity and precision of definitions - some definitions are missing. The definitions that are found are often derived from relevant reference public ...
2/6/12 Bacterial Growth
... • Mechanisms for combating low water activity in surrounding environment involve increasing the internal solute concentration by – Pumping inorganic ions from environment into cell – Synthesis or concentration of organic solutes • compatible solutes: compounds used by cell to counteract low water ac ...
... • Mechanisms for combating low water activity in surrounding environment involve increasing the internal solute concentration by – Pumping inorganic ions from environment into cell – Synthesis or concentration of organic solutes • compatible solutes: compounds used by cell to counteract low water ac ...
RNAi Screening Identifies the Armadillo Repeat
... nucleus is not randomly positioned in a cell (Gundersen and Worman 2013). For example, cells of rod-shaped fission yeast keep the nucleus at the center of the cell, and consequently form the mitotic spindle and the cytokinetic contractile ring at the cell center; these mechanisms ensure symmetrical ...
... nucleus is not randomly positioned in a cell (Gundersen and Worman 2013). For example, cells of rod-shaped fission yeast keep the nucleus at the center of the cell, and consequently form the mitotic spindle and the cytokinetic contractile ring at the cell center; these mechanisms ensure symmetrical ...
A model of chloroplast growth regulation in mesophyll cells
... relationships of similar slope, with scatter that scaled with cell size. The transgenic types – with larger and more irregularly shaped chloroplasts than the wild type – presented with more scatter; see the R2 values in Figure 2. Pyke (1999) further showed that this regulated chloroplast density per ...
... relationships of similar slope, with scatter that scaled with cell size. The transgenic types – with larger and more irregularly shaped chloroplasts than the wild type – presented with more scatter; see the R2 values in Figure 2. Pyke (1999) further showed that this regulated chloroplast density per ...
Ch 7
... The cytoplasm of a cell is negative in charge compared to the extracellular fluid because of an unequal distribution of cations and anions on opposite sides of the membrane. The voltage across a membrane is called a membrane potential, and ranges from −50 to −200 millivolts (mV). The inside of t ...
... The cytoplasm of a cell is negative in charge compared to the extracellular fluid because of an unequal distribution of cations and anions on opposite sides of the membrane. The voltage across a membrane is called a membrane potential, and ranges from −50 to −200 millivolts (mV). The inside of t ...
PDF with detailed project information
... should therefore be an evolutionary dead end. However, accumulating evidence for at least occasional biparental transmission (or paternal leakage) provides opportunities for sporadic sexual recombination events between organellar genomes. Those could significantly slow down Muller’s ratchet, but the ...
... should therefore be an evolutionary dead end. However, accumulating evidence for at least occasional biparental transmission (or paternal leakage) provides opportunities for sporadic sexual recombination events between organellar genomes. Those could significantly slow down Muller’s ratchet, but the ...
Dynamic Tubular Vacuoles Radiate Through the
... difficult: GFP could only be observed in acidic vacuoles of Arabidopsis when it was allowed to accumulate in darkness (Tamura et al. 2003). Thus, direct GFP visualization of the vacuole is challenging. It is more reliably achieved by targeting GFP constructs to the tonoplast through fusions with tono ...
... difficult: GFP could only be observed in acidic vacuoles of Arabidopsis when it was allowed to accumulate in darkness (Tamura et al. 2003). Thus, direct GFP visualization of the vacuole is challenging. It is more reliably achieved by targeting GFP constructs to the tonoplast through fusions with tono ...
Phloem Tubes
... There is some evidence of conc gradients of sucrosewith high conc in the leaves and lower conc in roots Some reasearchers have observed mass flow in microscopic sections of living sieve elements Viruses or growth chemicals applied to leaves are only translocated downwards to roots when the lea ...
... There is some evidence of conc gradients of sucrosewith high conc in the leaves and lower conc in roots Some reasearchers have observed mass flow in microscopic sections of living sieve elements Viruses or growth chemicals applied to leaves are only translocated downwards to roots when the lea ...
Convergence and extension at gastrulation require a
... failure of these processes in human embryos leads to defects including spina bifida and anencephaly. Here we use Xenopus laevis, a system in which the polarized cell motility that drives this active cell intercalation has been related to the development of forces that close the blastopore and elonga ...
... failure of these processes in human embryos leads to defects including spina bifida and anencephaly. Here we use Xenopus laevis, a system in which the polarized cell motility that drives this active cell intercalation has been related to the development of forces that close the blastopore and elonga ...
Major Histocompatibilty Complex (MHC) and T Cell Receptors
... • peptide in groove 8-10 amino acids long • specific amino acid on peptide required for “anchor site” in groove ...
... • peptide in groove 8-10 amino acids long • specific amino acid on peptide required for “anchor site” in groove ...
Cytoskeleton-Plasma Membrane-Cell Wall
... However, Drosophila sp. lacks vitronectin and fibronectin and still uses other RGD-containing ECM proteins to link integrins with the cytoskeleton (Hynes and Zhao, 2000). Although higher plant cells also seem to use RGD-containing proteins to connect their cell walls with the plasma membrane (Schind ...
... However, Drosophila sp. lacks vitronectin and fibronectin and still uses other RGD-containing ECM proteins to link integrins with the cytoskeleton (Hynes and Zhao, 2000). Although higher plant cells also seem to use RGD-containing proteins to connect their cell walls with the plasma membrane (Schind ...
Lesson Plans for the Animal Cell
... cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. It is represented by the plastic bag. centrosome - a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. This is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divid ...
... cell membrane - the thin layer of protein and fat that surrounds the cell. It is represented by the plastic bag. centrosome - a small body located near the nucleus - it has a dense center and radiating tubules. This is where microtubules are made. During cell division (mitosis), the centrosome divid ...
V. CELL TRANSPORT, cont
... cell → water moves out of cell until equilibrium is reached. Cell may shrivel. Hypotonic relative to the cell – Concentration of solute is lower outside cell → water moves into cell until equilibrium is reached. Cell may swell to ...
... cell → water moves out of cell until equilibrium is reached. Cell may shrivel. Hypotonic relative to the cell – Concentration of solute is lower outside cell → water moves into cell until equilibrium is reached. Cell may swell to ...
GFP-tagging of cell components reveals the dynamics of subcellular
... with cytochalasins and microtubule polymerization and depolymerization inhibitors permitted the non-pathogen Erysiphe pisi to penetrate barley coleoptile cells and form haustoria and secondary hyphae (Kobayashi et al., 1997a). These results indicated that the cytoskeleton may play an important role ...
... with cytochalasins and microtubule polymerization and depolymerization inhibitors permitted the non-pathogen Erysiphe pisi to penetrate barley coleoptile cells and form haustoria and secondary hyphae (Kobayashi et al., 1997a). These results indicated that the cytoskeleton may play an important role ...
4327
... numerous, highly motile caveolin-1-GFP-positive vesicles were present within the cell interior. These vesicles moved at speeds ranging from 0.3-2 µm/second and movement was abolished when microtubules were depolymerized with nocodazole. In the absence of microtubules, cell surface invaginated caveol ...
... numerous, highly motile caveolin-1-GFP-positive vesicles were present within the cell interior. These vesicles moved at speeds ranging from 0.3-2 µm/second and movement was abolished when microtubules were depolymerized with nocodazole. In the absence of microtubules, cell surface invaginated caveol ...
Mutations in Actin-Related Proteins 2 and 3 Affect Cell Shape
... Based on the mutations, the protein truncations in wrm1-2, dis1-1, and dis1-2 would be predicted to occur after amino acids 14, 97, and 290, respectively (Figure 1C). The G-to-A change in wrm1-1 results in the alteration of a conserved Gly (position 151; Figure 1C) to Asp and may lead to a pivotal c ...
... Based on the mutations, the protein truncations in wrm1-2, dis1-1, and dis1-2 would be predicted to occur after amino acids 14, 97, and 290, respectively (Figure 1C). The G-to-A change in wrm1-1 results in the alteration of a conserved Gly (position 151; Figure 1C) to Asp and may lead to a pivotal c ...
Insane in the Membrane
... What about the membrane proteins? Scientists have shown that the proteins float in that bilayer. Some of them are found on the inside of the cell and some on the outside. Other proteins cross the bilayer with one end outside of the cell and one end inside. Those proteins that cross the layer are ver ...
... What about the membrane proteins? Scientists have shown that the proteins float in that bilayer. Some of them are found on the inside of the cell and some on the outside. Other proteins cross the bilayer with one end outside of the cell and one end inside. Those proteins that cross the layer are ver ...
Non-equilibration of hydrostatic pressure in blebbing cells Guillaume T. Charras
... and can be described in the framework of poroelasticity11,12. Blebs are large, approximately spherical deformations of the cell surface that form and disappear on a timescale of tens of seconds. Although less studied than lamellipodial or filopodial protrusion, blebbing is a common phenomenon during ...
... and can be described in the framework of poroelasticity11,12. Blebs are large, approximately spherical deformations of the cell surface that form and disappear on a timescale of tens of seconds. Although less studied than lamellipodial or filopodial protrusion, blebbing is a common phenomenon during ...
Lecture Herbicide x Plant Interactions Absorption and Translocation
... The vesicle then separates from the membrane and moves into the cytoplasm. Ions are now inside the cell. See Figure 6.2 (Hypothetical mechanisms of ion transport across membranes; page 11) absorption complete when herbicide released into cytoplasm herbicide can remain in cytoplasm or in a vacuole, o ...
... The vesicle then separates from the membrane and moves into the cytoplasm. Ions are now inside the cell. See Figure 6.2 (Hypothetical mechanisms of ion transport across membranes; page 11) absorption complete when herbicide released into cytoplasm herbicide can remain in cytoplasm or in a vacuole, o ...
Phosphorus Uptake by Plants: From Soil to Cell
... require energy-dependent transport across the tonoplast, the mechanism of which is not understood, although an H1/H2PO42 symport would be thermodynamically feasible. There is clearly a great deal more to understand about the specific mechanisms of vacuolar Pi transport in higher plants and the role ...
... require energy-dependent transport across the tonoplast, the mechanism of which is not understood, although an H1/H2PO42 symport would be thermodynamically feasible. There is clearly a great deal more to understand about the specific mechanisms of vacuolar Pi transport in higher plants and the role ...
The integrin–actin connection, an eternal love affair
... cells (Etienne-Manneville and Hall, 2003). Finally, complexity is added by the fact that integrin-associated molecules are multifunctional. Integrin-linked actin binding proteins attach to signalling molecules and function as platforms, which brings kinases and substrates together. Integrin-bound si ...
... cells (Etienne-Manneville and Hall, 2003). Finally, complexity is added by the fact that integrin-associated molecules are multifunctional. Integrin-linked actin binding proteins attach to signalling molecules and function as platforms, which brings kinases and substrates together. Integrin-bound si ...
§ 58-10-90
... The income, gains and losses, realized or unrealized, from protected cell assets and protected cell liabilities must be credited to or charged against the protected cell without regard to other income, gains or losses of the protected cell company, including income, gains or losses of other protecte ...
... The income, gains and losses, realized or unrealized, from protected cell assets and protected cell liabilities must be credited to or charged against the protected cell without regard to other income, gains or losses of the protected cell company, including income, gains or losses of other protecte ...
The role of vacuole in plant cell death
... remain alive and their ability to produce antibacterial materials is maintained for about 12 h after infection by Pst DC3000/ avrRpm1, until the time of death. In the third process, cells induce hypersensitive cell death by actions of hydrolytic enzymes released from vacuoles to the outside of the c ...
... remain alive and their ability to produce antibacterial materials is maintained for about 12 h after infection by Pst DC3000/ avrRpm1, until the time of death. In the third process, cells induce hypersensitive cell death by actions of hydrolytic enzymes released from vacuoles to the outside of the c ...
3D Animal Cell Cake Instructions
... If you're baking with Pillsbury's Funfetti cake mix like I did, you'll need to blend the cake mix with three eggs, 1/3 cup of vegetable oil and 1 cup of water. FUN TIP: Break out the food coloring early on and dye your cake batter to match the color of your cytoplasm. Make sure you add the food colo ...
... If you're baking with Pillsbury's Funfetti cake mix like I did, you'll need to blend the cake mix with three eggs, 1/3 cup of vegetable oil and 1 cup of water. FUN TIP: Break out the food coloring early on and dye your cake batter to match the color of your cytoplasm. Make sure you add the food colo ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑