The Cytoskeleton as a Regulator and Target of
... factors, and in many cases the plant cytoskeleton is instrumental in mediating the plant’s response. Cytoskeletal elements, for example, translocate chloroplasts under high light conditions (Takagi, 2000), facilitate gravity sensing (Blancaflor, 2002), and direct cellular response to wounding (Foiss ...
... factors, and in many cases the plant cytoskeleton is instrumental in mediating the plant’s response. Cytoskeletal elements, for example, translocate chloroplasts under high light conditions (Takagi, 2000), facilitate gravity sensing (Blancaflor, 2002), and direct cellular response to wounding (Foiss ...
The syndapin protein family: linking membrane trafficking with the
... protein that plays a crucial role in the uncoating of clathrincoated vesicles; Cremona et al., 1999) and synapsin I (a protein associated with the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles) (Hilfiker et al., 1999) (Fig. 1). These interactions first raised the possibility that syndapins have roles in both me ...
... protein that plays a crucial role in the uncoating of clathrincoated vesicles; Cremona et al., 1999) and synapsin I (a protein associated with the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles) (Hilfiker et al., 1999) (Fig. 1). These interactions first raised the possibility that syndapins have roles in both me ...
RICKETTSIA, CHLAMYDIA, MYCOPLASMA
... life cycle, although they are also much smaller than bacteria. The first organism of this type was associated with pleuropneumonia of cattle, and was originally called the pleuropneumonia organism (PPO). Since that time, a number of organisms with similar morphological characteristics and cultural p ...
... life cycle, although they are also much smaller than bacteria. The first organism of this type was associated with pleuropneumonia of cattle, and was originally called the pleuropneumonia organism (PPO). Since that time, a number of organisms with similar morphological characteristics and cultural p ...
Ergastic
... carbonate. They occur in only a few families (Moraceae, Acanthaceae, and Cucurbitaceae) contained in an epidermal cell type called a lithocyst. Cell wall outgrowth ...
... carbonate. They occur in only a few families (Moraceae, Acanthaceae, and Cucurbitaceae) contained in an epidermal cell type called a lithocyst. Cell wall outgrowth ...
Microtubules and the Evolution of Mitosis
... 2 Botanisches Institut 1, Kaiserstr. 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] ...
... 2 Botanisches Institut 1, Kaiserstr. 2, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany [email protected] ...
Prentice Hall Biology
... Series of events cells go through as they grow and divide. Interphase: period of growth that occurs between cell divisions. ...
... Series of events cells go through as they grow and divide. Interphase: period of growth that occurs between cell divisions. ...
3.3 Cell Membrane TEKS 3E, 4B, 9A
... • Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. • Active transport is powered by chemical energy (ATP). • Active transport occurs through transport protein pumps. • Cells use active transport to maintain homeostasis. ...
... • Passive transport requires no energy from the cell. • Active transport is powered by chemical energy (ATP). • Active transport occurs through transport protein pumps. • Cells use active transport to maintain homeostasis. ...
The Arabidopsis SPIKE1 Gene Is Required for Normal Cell Shape
... al., 1999; Burk et al., 2001). The ZWI and FRA2 gene products share amino acid sequence identity with the known microtubule binding proteins kinesin and katanin, respectively. In the case of ZWI (also known as KCBP), minus end–directed motor activity has been determined experimentally (Song et al., ...
... al., 1999; Burk et al., 2001). The ZWI and FRA2 gene products share amino acid sequence identity with the known microtubule binding proteins kinesin and katanin, respectively. In the case of ZWI (also known as KCBP), minus end–directed motor activity has been determined experimentally (Song et al., ...
Chapter 7 PPT
... open = allows Na+ ions to enter nerve cell ex: voltage-gated channels change in electrical charge across nerve cell membrane opens Na+ & K+ channels AP Biology ...
... open = allows Na+ ions to enter nerve cell ex: voltage-gated channels change in electrical charge across nerve cell membrane opens Na+ & K+ channels AP Biology ...
Primary cell wall
... •In cellulose beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds alternate up and down the plane of the molecule. In starch α-1,4 glycosidic bonds are all on the same side. •These chemical differences are at the base of the different functions of these molecules in plant cells. •Cellulose is not digested by animals. ...
... •In cellulose beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds alternate up and down the plane of the molecule. In starch α-1,4 glycosidic bonds are all on the same side. •These chemical differences are at the base of the different functions of these molecules in plant cells. •Cellulose is not digested by animals. ...
Chapter 3C Notes from Book
... element of the cytoskeleton can cause it to slide over another element, which the motor molecules grip, release, and grip at a new site. Muscle contraction and cilia movement work this way. ...
... element of the cytoskeleton can cause it to slide over another element, which the motor molecules grip, release, and grip at a new site. Muscle contraction and cilia movement work this way. ...
The plant cytoskeleton - The Company of Biologists
... Cells may expand in different ways: tip-growing cells, like root hairs, are usually exposed to the environment and are thought to expand only at the apical dome, whereas cells within tissues undergo a more uniform intercalary growth. The cyto skeleton may be specialized in different ways in support ...
... Cells may expand in different ways: tip-growing cells, like root hairs, are usually exposed to the environment and are thought to expand only at the apical dome, whereas cells within tissues undergo a more uniform intercalary growth. The cyto skeleton may be specialized in different ways in support ...
to the complete text
... study the actin cytoskeleton Although yeast is not motile like Dictyostelium or higher eukaryotic cells, its our advanced knowledge of its genetics make it a good model system in which to study many aspects of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell division, secretion and signaling are well studied in the yea ...
... study the actin cytoskeleton Although yeast is not motile like Dictyostelium or higher eukaryotic cells, its our advanced knowledge of its genetics make it a good model system in which to study many aspects of the actin cytoskeleton. Cell division, secretion and signaling are well studied in the yea ...
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure
... Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. ...
... Nearly all eukaryotic cells contain mitochondria. Mitochondria convert the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use. ...
3D Visualization of Thylakoid Membrane
... appeared (figure, F). The appressed thylakoids were no longer porous and membranes were seen to be continuous in stacked regions, with each stacked membrane connected to a single split PT. By the beginning of the second day, small grana stacks were observed, and both stroma thylakoids and grana thyl ...
... appeared (figure, F). The appressed thylakoids were no longer porous and membranes were seen to be continuous in stacked regions, with each stacked membrane connected to a single split PT. By the beginning of the second day, small grana stacks were observed, and both stroma thylakoids and grana thyl ...
Primary cell wall
... •In cellulose beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds alternate up and down the plane of the molecule. In starch α-1,4 glycosidic bonds are all on the same side. •These chemical differences are at the base of the different functions of these molecules in plant cells. •Cellulose is not digested by animals. ...
... •In cellulose beta-1,4 glycosidic bonds alternate up and down the plane of the molecule. In starch α-1,4 glycosidic bonds are all on the same side. •These chemical differences are at the base of the different functions of these molecules in plant cells. •Cellulose is not digested by animals. ...
Morphologic Investigation of Thunderstorm Initiates and GIS
... What’s the Coverage of Convective Activity? (short term forecasting: 0-6h & 6-12h) ...
... What’s the Coverage of Convective Activity? (short term forecasting: 0-6h & 6-12h) ...
Measuring cell viscoelastic properties using a force
... bead contact area and cell shapes, in particular filament stretching can be measured. This apparatus is described in Section 2. Stretching experiments give rise to large cell deformations which can be analyzed using a recent model developed for viscoelastic material stretching [41]. Similar stretche ...
... bead contact area and cell shapes, in particular filament stretching can be measured. This apparatus is described in Section 2. Stretching experiments give rise to large cell deformations which can be analyzed using a recent model developed for viscoelastic material stretching [41]. Similar stretche ...
The Cell
... • The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell ...
... • The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell ...
Questions on the integrity of the neuromuscular junction
... locomotion and cellular integrity. Thus it appears that apoptosis is not a major factor in the senescent decline of C. elegans. Consistent with this conclusion, mutants defective in apoptosis do not exhibit lifespan changes (Hengartner, Exp. Geront., v.32, pp.363-374, 1997), and apoptotic gene expr ...
... locomotion and cellular integrity. Thus it appears that apoptosis is not a major factor in the senescent decline of C. elegans. Consistent with this conclusion, mutants defective in apoptosis do not exhibit lifespan changes (Hengartner, Exp. Geront., v.32, pp.363-374, 1997), and apoptotic gene expr ...
Life under pressure: hydrostatic pressure in cell growth and function
... perform crucial functions. Plants exploit hydrodynamics to drive processes including gas exchange, leaf positioning, nutrient acquisition and growth. This paradigm is extended by recent work that reveals an important role for hydrodynamics in pollen tube growth. The pivotal role of water in the orig ...
... perform crucial functions. Plants exploit hydrodynamics to drive processes including gas exchange, leaf positioning, nutrient acquisition and growth. This paradigm is extended by recent work that reveals an important role for hydrodynamics in pollen tube growth. The pivotal role of water in the orig ...
Cytoplasmic streaming
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the directed flow of cytosol (the liquid component of the cytoplasm) and organelles around large fungal and plant cells through the mediation of actin. This movement aids in the delivery of organelles, nutrients, metabolites, genetic information, and other materials to all parts of the cell. Cytoplasmic streaming occurs along actin filaments in the cytoskeleton of the cell.Cytoplasmic streaming was first discovered in the 1830s. The scientific breakthrough assisted scientists in developing an understanding of the different roles of cells and how they function as the basic operating systems of life.This process occurs through the operation of motor proteins called myosins.These proteins use energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to act as a molecular motor, which slides along actin filaments. This works in a manner that tows the organelles and other cytoplasmic contents in the same direction. Myosin proteins consist of two conjoined proteins. If one protein remains attached to the substrate, the substance acted upon by the protein, such as a microfilament, has the ability to move organelles through the cytoplasm.The green alga genus Chara and other genera in the Division Charophyta, such as Coleochaete, are thought to be the closest relatives of land plants. These haploid organisms contain some of the largest plant cells on earth, a single cell of which can reach up to 10 cm in length. The large size of these cells demands an efficient means to distribute resources, which is enabled via cytoplasmic streaming.Cytoplasmic streaming is strongly dependent upon intracellular pH and temperature. It has been observed that the effect of temperature on cytoplasmic streaming created linear variance and dependence at different high temperatures in comparison to low temperatures. This process is complicated, with temperature alterations in the system increasing its efficiency, with other factors such as the transport of ions across the membrane being simultaneously affected. This is due to cells homeostasis depending upon active transport which may be affected at some critical temperatures.In plant cells, chloroplasts may be moved around with the stream, possibly to a position of optimum light absorption for photosynthesis. The rate of motion is usually affected by light exposure, temperature, and pH levels.In reference to pH, because actin and myosin are both proteins, strong dependence on pH is expected. The optimal pH at which cytoplasmic streaming is highest, is achieved at neutral pH and decreases at both low and high pH.The flow of cytoplasm may be stopped by:Adding Lugol's iodine solutionAdding Cytochalasin D (dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide)↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑