Virology
... 'cap' structure & the 3' end by polyadenylation. These signals allow vRNA to be recognised by host cells & to function as mRNA. ...
... 'cap' structure & the 3' end by polyadenylation. These signals allow vRNA to be recognised by host cells & to function as mRNA. ...
Size and Shape of Viruses
... from its RNA Use reverse transcriptase (enzyme) to do thislocated inside capsid The double-stranded DNA is then inserted into the host cell’s chromosome and becomes a provirus Example: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects white blood cells, which are used in fighting off infections and disease ...
... from its RNA Use reverse transcriptase (enzyme) to do thislocated inside capsid The double-stranded DNA is then inserted into the host cell’s chromosome and becomes a provirus Example: HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) infects white blood cells, which are used in fighting off infections and disease ...
Viral Load Assay or Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing
... Viral load assay or polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory test used to monitor the progression of HIV. The polymerase chain reaction can be used not only to detect the presence of viral sequences but also to provide a semiquantitative or a precise evaluation of the number of copies of genome pre ...
... Viral load assay or polymerase chain reaction is a laboratory test used to monitor the progression of HIV. The polymerase chain reaction can be used not only to detect the presence of viral sequences but also to provide a semiquantitative or a precise evaluation of the number of copies of genome pre ...
General Properties of virus
... e. Assembly of viral nucleic acid and protein coats to form mature virus particles occurs in the cytoplasm ( e.g. poliovirus) or in the nucleus e.g herpes viruses. f. Release: mature virus particles will accumulate in the cell in enonmous number and are liberated by rupturing the cell i.e cytolysis ...
... e. Assembly of viral nucleic acid and protein coats to form mature virus particles occurs in the cytoplasm ( e.g. poliovirus) or in the nucleus e.g herpes viruses. f. Release: mature virus particles will accumulate in the cell in enonmous number and are liberated by rupturing the cell i.e cytolysis ...
Globalization of Infectious Diseases
... Human Encroachment and Forced Migration Natural Disasters (floods, fire, hurricanes, etc.) Vector Biology ...
... Human Encroachment and Forced Migration Natural Disasters (floods, fire, hurricanes, etc.) Vector Biology ...
A. invades the host cell to reproduce B. - Problem
... The following section focuses on bacterial resistance to several antibiotics. One of the most important developments in modern medicine was the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are e ...
... The following section focuses on bacterial resistance to several antibiotics. One of the most important developments in modern medicine was the discovery of antibiotics. Antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, strains of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics are e ...
Influenza Virus
... – Antigenic shift抗原转变: major antigenic changes of HA and NA due to genetic reassortment between human and animal influenza viruses, belonging to qualitative changes, resulting in new subtype and may causing periodic pandemics. ...
... – Antigenic shift抗原转变: major antigenic changes of HA and NA due to genetic reassortment between human and animal influenza viruses, belonging to qualitative changes, resulting in new subtype and may causing periodic pandemics. ...
An enzyme inhibitor - Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas
... Most of our knowledge of microbial toxins has come from work on pathogenic bacteria, for the search for bacterial toxins began shortly after the discovery of the role bacteria had as ethiological agents for human disease. By 1890 the toxins of two important human pathogens, Corynebacterium difteriae ...
... Most of our knowledge of microbial toxins has come from work on pathogenic bacteria, for the search for bacterial toxins began shortly after the discovery of the role bacteria had as ethiological agents for human disease. By 1890 the toxins of two important human pathogens, Corynebacterium difteriae ...
BACTERIA & VIRUSES - Bishop Shanahan High School
... LYTIC CYCLE – Virus enters the cell; makes viral copies; cell bursts and is destroyed LYSOGENIC CYCLE- Viral DNA becomes embedded into DNA of host and replicates with host DNA. Cell is not destroyed ...
... LYTIC CYCLE – Virus enters the cell; makes viral copies; cell bursts and is destroyed LYSOGENIC CYCLE- Viral DNA becomes embedded into DNA of host and replicates with host DNA. Cell is not destroyed ...
Viruses - OneDrive
... -Viruses are extremely small in size and measured in nanometers[nm] ,therefore, most viruses seen with electron microscope -Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites -Viruses are small and pass from the pores of bacterial filters that retain bacteria -Viruses have few enzymes, they depend on the ...
... -Viruses are extremely small in size and measured in nanometers[nm] ,therefore, most viruses seen with electron microscope -Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites -Viruses are small and pass from the pores of bacterial filters that retain bacteria -Viruses have few enzymes, they depend on the ...
Final Exam Study Guide
... 4. What are the steps of infection of an animal cell with a virus that causes an acute infection? How do the steps of infection of an animal virus differ from infection with a bacteriophage? 5. Understand how single stranded DNA and RNA animal viruses replicate. What is meant by (+) ssRNA versus (-) ...
... 4. What are the steps of infection of an animal cell with a virus that causes an acute infection? How do the steps of infection of an animal virus differ from infection with a bacteriophage? 5. Understand how single stranded DNA and RNA animal viruses replicate. What is meant by (+) ssRNA versus (-) ...
Diagnosis of viral infections
... 1- Fluorescent-labeled antisera available for most viruses, & used for culture conformation. 2 - Viral neutralization used to identify viruses with many serotype for which fluorescent labeled antisera are not available. 3 - Acid liability test used to differentiate enteroviruses from rhinoviruses. 4 ...
... 1- Fluorescent-labeled antisera available for most viruses, & used for culture conformation. 2 - Viral neutralization used to identify viruses with many serotype for which fluorescent labeled antisera are not available. 3 - Acid liability test used to differentiate enteroviruses from rhinoviruses. 4 ...
Ebola strain variation in outbreaks
... The Ebola virus (EBOV) is one the most lethal pathogens with a structure similar to a filovirus. Its length varies from 800-1000 nm long and roughly 288 amino acids long. The amount of attenuations is what makes this particular virus so interesting, and deadly. Virons are generally tubular and can a ...
... The Ebola virus (EBOV) is one the most lethal pathogens with a structure similar to a filovirus. Its length varies from 800-1000 nm long and roughly 288 amino acids long. The amount of attenuations is what makes this particular virus so interesting, and deadly. Virons are generally tubular and can a ...
Chapter 20
... • They can even pass resistance to others by conjugation, transformation, and transduction • Ex: staphylococcus aureus was only 3% resistant to penicillin when it came out. Now its over 90% resistant. ...
... • They can even pass resistance to others by conjugation, transformation, and transduction • Ex: staphylococcus aureus was only 3% resistant to penicillin when it came out. Now its over 90% resistant. ...
"HIV" in plasma - The Perth Group
... Over the past few months we have been trying to convince Andrew Maniotis that electron microscopic (EM) studies will provide no useful information if conducted on cells, even if the cells are lymphocytes and much less red blood cells. We have also advised him of the following EM techniques. Negative ...
... Over the past few months we have been trying to convince Andrew Maniotis that electron microscopic (EM) studies will provide no useful information if conducted on cells, even if the cells are lymphocytes and much less red blood cells. We have also advised him of the following EM techniques. Negative ...
Final Exam Study Guide
... cell? 7. Explain the steps involved in the life cycle of lambda phage (temperate phage). What is the host cell? 8. What is a benefit of infection with a lysogenic phage? What change may occur with the bacterial cell? 9. Understand how filamentous phage (M13) replicate in host cells. What is unique t ...
... cell? 7. Explain the steps involved in the life cycle of lambda phage (temperate phage). What is the host cell? 8. What is a benefit of infection with a lysogenic phage? What change may occur with the bacterial cell? 9. Understand how filamentous phage (M13) replicate in host cells. What is unique t ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... • Bacteriophages – bacterial viruses (phages) • Most widely studied are those that infect Escherichia coli – complex structure, DNA • Multiplication goes through similar stages as animal viruses. • Only the nucleic acid enters the cytoplasm uncoating is not necessary. • Release is a result of cell l ...
... • Bacteriophages – bacterial viruses (phages) • Most widely studied are those that infect Escherichia coli – complex structure, DNA • Multiplication goes through similar stages as animal viruses. • Only the nucleic acid enters the cytoplasm uncoating is not necessary. • Release is a result of cell l ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... • Bacteriophages – bacterial viruses (phages) • Most widely studied are those that infect Escherichia coli – complex structure, DNA • Multiplication goes through similar stages as animal viruses. • Only the nucleic acid enters the cytoplasm uncoating is not necessary. • Release is a result of cell l ...
... • Bacteriophages – bacterial viruses (phages) • Most widely studied are those that infect Escherichia coli – complex structure, DNA • Multiplication goes through similar stages as animal viruses. • Only the nucleic acid enters the cytoplasm uncoating is not necessary. • Release is a result of cell l ...
BTY328: Viruses
... Some naked viruses such as the poliovirus undergo major change in capsid structure on adsorption to the plasma membrane, and only their nucleic acids are injected into the cytoplasm. Many enveloped viruses enter cells through engulfment by receptor-mediated endocytosis to form coated vesicles. These ...
... Some naked viruses such as the poliovirus undergo major change in capsid structure on adsorption to the plasma membrane, and only their nucleic acids are injected into the cytoplasm. Many enveloped viruses enter cells through engulfment by receptor-mediated endocytosis to form coated vesicles. These ...
Form B
... These antigens are presented to T cells, and a subset of T cells stimulates a subset of B cells to produce antibodies that bind specifically to the antigen. The host uses these antibodies to find, destroy and/or remove the foreign substance from the ...
... These antigens are presented to T cells, and a subset of T cells stimulates a subset of B cells to produce antibodies that bind specifically to the antigen. The host uses these antibodies to find, destroy and/or remove the foreign substance from the ...
Virus quantification
Virus quantification involves counting the number of viruses in a specific volume to determine the virus concentration. It is utilized in both research and development (R&D) in commercial and academic laboratories as well as production situations where the quantity of virus at various steps is an important variable. For example, the production of viral vaccines, recombinant proteins using viral vectors and viral antigens all require virus quantification to continually adapt and monitor the process in order to optimize production yields and respond to ever changing demands and applications. Examples of specific instances where known viruses need to be quantified include clone screening, multiplicity of infection (MOI) optimization and adaptation of methods to cell culture. This page discusses various techniques currently used to quantify viruses in liquid samples. These methods are separated into two categories, traditional vs. modern methods. Traditional methods are industry-standard methods that have been used for decades but are generally slow and labor-intensive. Modern methods are relatively new commercially available products and kits that greatly reduce quantification time. This is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all potential methods, but rather a representative cross-section of traditional methods and new, commercially available methods. While other published methods may exist for virus quantification, non-commercial methods are not discussed here.