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Section9 - University of Chicago
Section9 - University of Chicago

... As the first massive stars and quasars form they will be emitting lots of UV photons. These will tend to to re-ionize the hydrogen in the Universe (prior to this, hydrogen was last ionized at the surface of last scattering.) In fact, the Universe we see around us today has neutral hydrogen only in d ...
Chapter 1 - Princeton University Press
Chapter 1 - Princeton University Press

Read the history below and answer the questions that follow
Read the history below and answer the questions that follow

... that through a given point not on a line, there is one and only one line parallel to that line. NonEuclidian geometry provides the mathematical foundation for Einstein’s Theory of Relativity. The most recent development in geometry is fractal geometry. Fractal geometry was developed and popularized ...
Non-Euclidean Geometry
Non-Euclidean Geometry

... A segment is always part of a great circle, and is also called geodesic. ...
On Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry by Hukum Singh DESM
On Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometry by Hukum Singh DESM

... book consisted 13 volumes. The first six volumes consisted study of geometry, seven to ten consisted number theory and last three consisted three dimensional solid geometry. The Euclid axioms are [1], [3] (a)There lie infinite number of points on a line (b) Infinite number of lines passes through a ...
Transits - X-ray and Observational Astronomy Group
Transits - X-ray and Observational Astronomy Group

... planet HD189733b at 8 microns with Spitzer reveal the changing brightness of the planet as it rotates • The hottest point on the “day” side is offset slightly from the expected position – Extreme weather? ...
Astronomy Unit 4 Galaxies
Astronomy Unit 4 Galaxies

... 35. Hubble’s Constant tells astronomers how _______________ the universe is expanding. 36. The approximate age of the universe determined by using Hubble’s Constant. __________________________________ 37. The distribution of galaxies in the universe is not ___________________, but clusters of galaxi ...
Chapter 1
Chapter 1

... 1. To acquaint students with non-Euclidean geometry, a development of the utmost historical and philosophical significance in the development of mathematics. 2. To help develop facility with logical thinking. (This includes, in particular, the distinction between reasoning from abstract axioms conta ...
QUESTIONS for latest set of presentations
QUESTIONS for latest set of presentations

... 6. Tried to prove the parallel postulate could be proven from the other four axioms by using its negation as an axiom and arriving at a contradiction For the following geometries, match the ratio of the circumference, C to the diameter. a. Euclidean geometry 1. Greater than π b. Lobachevskian geomet ...
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08. Non-Euclidean Geometry 1. Euclidean Geometry

... intuitions. We can never represent to ourselves the absence of space, though we can quite well think it as empty of objects. It must therefore be regarded as the condition of the possibility of appearances, and not as a determination dependent on them." (1781) ...
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... places you are tested. (Lest you become too comfortable, however, you certainly are able to feel any associated pain due to high temperature, pressure, gravity, etc.) In each case described below, identify your surroundings. In some cases, the surroundings described may exist only during eras of the ...
The Word Geometry
The Word Geometry

... Uses as its parallel postulate any statement equivalent to the following: If l is any line and P is any point not on l , then there exists at least two lines through P that are parallel to l . ...
Non-Euclidean Geometries
Non-Euclidean Geometries

... where two triangles can be similar but not congruent! Upon first glance, the sides do not look straight, but they are for their own surface of that geometry ...
Teaching Notes - Centre for Innovation in Mathematics Teaching
Teaching Notes - Centre for Innovation in Mathematics Teaching

... transformations and that the introduction of transformation geometry is just a fad – but there are strong reasons for the use of transformations in school geometry. One reason is that rotation, reflection, etc. can be introduced in a practical way and so should be more accessible to some pupils than ...
A Journey... Back To The Beginning of Time!
A Journey... Back To The Beginning of Time!

... You and your partner will need to research the following concepts and include them in your project: Your presentation should include at least 13-15 slides. ...
Module 5 Modelling the universe - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges
Module 5 Modelling the universe - Pearson Schools and FE Colleges

... Eventually the rate of hydrogen fusion will decrease in the core of the Sun as much of it will then be fusion products, mostly helium. Some hydrogen fusion will continue in a shell around the core, but the core itself will contract. This is expected to have a strange effect. The loss of potential en ...
Euclid`s Plane Geometry
Euclid`s Plane Geometry

... Note: It is important to realize that these definitions were not Euclid’s original ideas. His book however was the first work to contain these definition and survive time. ...
A Brief History of Geometry
A Brief History of Geometry

... In “The Elements” Euclid proposed 5 postulates (things assumed true) [1]. 1. “Let it be postulated to draw a straight line from any point to any point, and” 2. “to produce a limited straight line in a straight line,” 3. “to describe a circle with any center and distance,” 4. “that all right angles a ...
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... • According to “lookback time”, populations of ancient galaxies are seen when the Universe was very young, which makes no sense. ...
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No Slide Title

... Looking to the Future The participants in NUVA have realized with great concern that no firm plans exist to maintain an Ultraviolet observing capability for astrophysics for the future. This is despite the fact that the range of important astrophysical issues in astrophysics which require observatio ...
Intelligent Life in the Universe
Intelligent Life in the Universe

... Uncertainties! Important - each term in the Drake equation (probably) gets more uncertain when proceeding from left to right.  For lack of a better example we have adopted an Earth/human bias when estimating various terms.  We do not know the uncertainties. ...
Course 107: The Big Bang and the Anthropic Principle
Course 107: The Big Bang and the Anthropic Principle

3/5 Student Growth Assessment review File
3/5 Student Growth Assessment review File

... 3. Find the measures of the numbered angles. a. m1 = _______ b. m2 = _______ c. m3 = _______ d. m4 = _______ e. m5 = _______ f. m6 = _______ g. m7 = _______ ...
General Relativity
General Relativity

... Suppose we restrict ourselves to the circle. Distances on the circle would be given by theta only but the actual distance would be given by: ...
Pop Goes the Universe
Pop Goes the Universe

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Shape of the universe



The shape of the universe is the local and global geometry of the Universe, in terms of both curvature and topology (though, strictly speaking, the concept goes beyond both). The shape of the universe is related to general relativity which describes how spacetime is curved and bent by mass and energy.There is a distinction between the observable universe and the global universe. The observable universe consists of the part of the universe that can, in principle, be observed due to the finite speed of light and the age of the universe. The observable universe is understood as a sphere around the Earth extending 93 billion light years (8.8 *1026 meters) and would be similar at any observing point (assuming the universe is indeed isotropic, as it appears to be from our vantage point).According to the book Our Mathematical Universe, the shape of the global universe can be explained with three categories: Finite or infinite Flat (no curvature), open (negative curvature) or closed (positive curvature) Connectivity, how the universe is put together, i.e., simply connected space or multiply connected.There are certain logical connections among these properties. For example, a universe with positive curvature is necessarily finite. Although it is usually assumed in the literature that a flat or negatively curved universe is infinite, this need not be the case if the topology is not the trivial one.The exact shape is still a matter of debate in physical cosmology, but experimental data from various, independent sources (WMAP, BOOMERanG and Planck for example) confirm that the observable universe is flat with only a 0.4% margin of error. Theorists have been trying to construct a formal mathematical model of the shape of the universe. In formal terms, this is a 3-manifold model corresponding to the spatial section (in comoving coordinates) of the 4-dimensional space-time of the universe. The model most theorists currently use is the so-called Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker (FLRW) model. Arguments have been put forward that the observational data best fit with the conclusion that the shape of the global universe is infinite and flat, but the data are also consistent with other possible shapes, such as the so-called Poincaré dodecahedral space and the Picard horn.
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