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The Thyroid Gland
The Thyroid Gland

... • If there is not enough iodine in the body, there will be a resulting decrease in thyroxine • The body does not make iodine, so it’s an essential part of your diet. • Iodine deficiency can lead to hypothyroidism, mental disorders in infants whose mothers were iodine deficient, and goiters ...
MODULE 8 : Endocrine System - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
MODULE 8 : Endocrine System - Rajarata University of Sri Lanka

... 5.2.3. Recognize the structures of cortisone, corticosterone and cortisol and know their difference in structure from those of sex hormones. 5.2.4. List their effects on the metabolism of carbohydrate, protein and lipid & explain how these effects are brought about. 5.2.5. Recall that aldosterone is ...
endocrine system
endocrine system

... secretion in the pancreas, or resistance to insulin by the body’s cells. a. Type I diabetes (insulin dependent, develops in children) is more serious. It is caused by destruction of pancreatic islets by autoimmune disorders. They must have insulin injections daily throughout life. b. Type II diabete ...
Informed Consent for Testosterone Therapy For Female-to
Informed Consent for Testosterone Therapy For Female-to

... This form refers to the use of testosterone by persons who wish to become more masculinized as part of a gender transitioning process. You are being asked to initial the various statements on this form to indicate that the risks as well as the changes which may occur as a result of the use of testos ...
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB)

... intermittent progestin therapy (medroxyprogesterone acetate 5 to 10 mg orally for 12 to 14 days a month) or oral contraceptives may be recommended to establish regular bleeding episodes and to reduce the risk of hyperplasia and cancer. Estrogen and progestin together, as in OCs, may be more effectiv ...
Measurement of hormone concentrations in the blood
Measurement of hormone concentrations in the blood

... almost any protein, including hormones. This test combines the specificity of antibodies with the sensitivity of simple enzyme assays. Figure 74–10 shows the basic elements of this method, which is often performed on plastic plates that each have 96 small wells. Each well is coated with an antibody ...
Endocrine system Lesson: Endocrine system Lesson Developer
Endocrine system Lesson: Endocrine system Lesson Developer

... The secretion then diffuses into capillaries and is carried away by the blood to distant target organ or cell to exert its action. The concentration of a circulating hormone in blood at any time reflects its rate of release, and the speed of its inactivation and removal from the body. Enzymes within ...
Reproduction Review
Reproduction Review

... 30. How does an embryo get oxygen? Gas exchange from maternal blood through the placenta 31. Before birth of a male fetus, the testes descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum. Explain why testes that fail to descend cannot produce sperm. The testes are not at the optimum temperature for sp ...
Document
Document

... other endocrine organs, starting with the hypothalamus 1. hypothalamus (president) directs activities of the pituitary glands by secreting hypothalamic releasing hormones and hypothalamic nonreleasing hormones 2. pituitary gland (vice president) releases many hormones to the adrenal cortex, thyroid, ...
endocrinology - Endo, GIT, Urology, Cardio - misiek
endocrinology - Endo, GIT, Urology, Cardio - misiek

... Normal Findings: AM: <80 pg/ml or <18 pmol/L (SI units) PM: <50 pg/ml or <11 pmol/L (SI units) Indications: The serum ACTH study is a test of that affords to differentiate the causes of either Cushing's syndrome (overproduction of cortisol) or Addison's disease (underproduction of cortisol). Cortico ...
The Endocrinology of Calcium and Thyroid Control
The Endocrinology of Calcium and Thyroid Control

... Cortisol (high) Epinephrine (high) LH/FSH (low) Leptin (low) Cas, NPY, aMSH, arcuate thermogenesis (low) energy expenditure (low) This condition is also known as Tertiary Hypometabolism ...
endocrine function tests
endocrine function tests

... Prolactinoma and Pit adenoma that secrete ACTH(Pituitary Cushing); both are partially autonomous ...
Hypothyroidism - Tonya Hopkins` Portfolio
Hypothyroidism - Tonya Hopkins` Portfolio

... • A blood test is preformed to determine the level of TSH and T4. A low level of T4 and high level of TSH indicate an underactive thyroid. • Physical Examination • Nuclear Medicine Scan - Radioactive iodine tracer to see how well the thyroid gland is working. (After taking a radioactive iodine pill) ...
( ! ) Notice: Undefined index
( ! ) Notice: Undefined index

... This patient developed hypothyroidism as an adult with no clear family history of hypothyroidism. Clinical and biochemical findings were compatible with isolated central hypothyroidism. Repeated thyroid hormone and TSH measurements showed pattern of central hypothyroidism again and T4 levels appropr ...
C16.1 PPT - Destiny High School
C16.1 PPT - Destiny High School

... The adrenal medulla secretes the hormones epinephrine (also called adrenaline) and norepinephrine. Epinephrine increases heartbeat and respiration, raises blood pressure, and suppresses the digestive process during periods of high emotion. ...
13 Physiologicoanatomical peculiarities of endocrine system in
13 Physiologicoanatomical peculiarities of endocrine system in

... acromegaly. GH-secreting tumors are typically recognized in the 5th decade of life. It is extremely rare for such a tumor to occur in childhood, but when it does the excessive GH can cause excessive growth, traditionally referred to as pituitary gigantism. ...
The Endocrine System, Second Edition
The Endocrine System, Second Edition

... considered when measuring circulating concentrations of hormones: some assays measure total hormone (bound and free) while others measure only the biologically active hormone. You really need to know what it is that you are measuring. It is particularly important because levels of binding proteins c ...
Part a
Part a

... • Kidneys • Liver ...
Chapter 19 - endocrine - Fullfrontalanatomy.com
Chapter 19 - endocrine - Fullfrontalanatomy.com

... Robert Pershing Wadlow Wadlow reached the height of 2.72 m (almost 9 ft) and a weight of 222 kg (488 lbs) before his death at the age of 22. His large size was attributed to a tumor in the pituitary. He was still in a growth phase when died of an infection. ...
23.2 How Do Animal Hormones Work?
23.2 How Do Animal Hormones Work?

...  Cells communicate by releasing chemical messenger molecules that affect other cells, either nearby or far away. • A messenger molecule alters the physiology of a cell by binding to receptors, which are specialized proteins located on the surface of the cell. • When a messenger molecule binds to a ...
18-2 Hormones - Anatomy and Physiology
18-2 Hormones - Anatomy and Physiology

... • Michael is a thirty year old salesman who spends approximately 4 days each week traveling to visit with customers in his region. During his routine physical he casually mentions to his physician that he seems to be sweating more profusely than normal and most rooms that once were comfortable are n ...
Neuroendocrine presentation
Neuroendocrine presentation

... Below the thalamus, it caps the brainstem and forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle Mammillary bodies - small, small paired nuclei bulging anteriorly from the hypothalamus - relay stations for olfactory pathways Infundibulum – stalk of the hypothalamus connecting to the pituitary glan ...
Gynaecology – Dr. `Abeer – Lecture 1 – Physiology of Menstruation
Gynaecology – Dr. `Abeer – Lecture 1 – Physiology of Menstruation

... Anterior pit.gland causes synthesis & release of gonadotrophic hormones FSH & LH by stimulation of GnRH. This process is influence and stimulate the ovarian sex steroid hormones: oestrogen & progesterone. Negative feedback (low level of oestrogen will ↓LH production) Positive feedback (high level of ...
Thyroid Gland - PROFESSOR AC BROWN
Thyroid Gland - PROFESSOR AC BROWN

... THYROID GLAND page 2 HORMONE (T4 & T3) SYNTHESIS AND RELEASE (continued) B. Synthesis and Storage 1. Active transport of iodide ion from the interstitial fluid into the cells (the iodide ion taken from the interstitial fluid is replaced from the circulation 2. Diffusion of iodide ion into the collo ...
hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)
hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid)

... Daily intake of prescription synthetic thyroid hormones will be necessary to restore adequate hormone levels. Treatment is usually life-long. While under treatment it is important to have regular blood tests to determine if the dose is appropriate. Too much thyroid hormone can speed up bone loss. Wh ...
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Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy

Bioidentical hormone replacement therapy (BHRT), also known as bioidentical hormone therapy or natural hormone therapy, is a poorly defined term referring to the use of hormones that are identical, on a molecular level, with endogenous hormones in hormone replacement therapy. The term is also associated with pharmacy compounding, blood or saliva testing, efforts to reach a targeted level of hormones in the body (as established through blood or saliva testing) and unfounded claims of safety and efficacy. Specific hormones used in BHRT include estrone, estradiol, progesterone (which are available both in FDA-approved manufactured products and as pharmacy-compounded products), testosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone (both products have more limited availability and approval in Canada and the United States) and estriol (which is available in Europe but is not approved in Canada and the United States).Custom-compounded BHRT is a practice almost wholly restricted to the United States. BHRT is a form of alternative medicine, and has been promoted as a panacea for many diseases rather than a means of relieving the symptoms of menopause and/or reducing the risk of osteoporosis (the goals of traditional hormone replacement therapy). There is no evidence to support these claims; the hormones are expected to have the same risks and benefits of comparable approved drugs for which there is an evidence base and extensive research and regulation. The exception is progesterone, which may have an improved safety profile, though direct comparisons with progestins have not been made. Bioidentical hormones may also present extra risks, due to the process of compounding. In addition, the accuracy and efficacy of saliva testing has not been definitively proven, and the long-term effects of using blood testing to reach target levels of hormones have not been researched.The International Menopause Society, American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, The Endocrine Society, the North American Menopause Society (NAMS), United States Food and Drug Administration, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists, American Medical Association, American Cancer Society and the Mayo Clinic have released statements that there is a lack of evidence that the benefits and risks of bioidentical hormones are different from well-studied nonbioidentical counterparts; until such evidence is produced the risks should be treated as if they were similar; and that compounded hormone products may have additional risks related to compounding. A major safety concern in bioidentical hormone replacement therapy is that there is no requirement to include package inserts, despite the potential for serious adverse effects (including life-threatening adverse effects) associated with HRT. This can lead to consumers' being deceived (and harmed), as they are misled into believing that BHRT is safe and has no side effects. Regulatory bodies require pharmacies to include important safety information with conventional hormone replacement therapy (CHRT) via package inserts.
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