Legacy of top-down herbivore pressure ricochets back up multiple
... density among tree species were determined with mixed models (PROC MIXED) in SAS 9.1 with site as a random effect and tree species as a fixed effect. Following a significant F test (P , 0.05), differences in least squares means were determined among species using LSMEANS. To investigate legacy effec ...
... density among tree species were determined with mixed models (PROC MIXED) in SAS 9.1 with site as a random effect and tree species as a fixed effect. Following a significant F test (P , 0.05), differences in least squares means were determined among species using LSMEANS. To investigate legacy effec ...
Abundance, Diversity, and Activity of Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
... a set of pitfall traps (nine in 1995, six in 1996 and 1997) was treated as one sample. The design of the pitfall trap was similar to that introduced by Morrill (1975) with some improvements. Each pitfall trap contained an outer liner, a funnel, and an inner storage cup. The outer liner was a 454-ml ...
... a set of pitfall traps (nine in 1995, six in 1996 and 1997) was treated as one sample. The design of the pitfall trap was similar to that introduced by Morrill (1975) with some improvements. Each pitfall trap contained an outer liner, a funnel, and an inner storage cup. The outer liner was a 454-ml ...
Interactions 1 in Ecosystems - Kossmann
... C o m p e t i t i o n occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resources. There are two different types of competition: interspecific competition and intraspecific competition. Even though they may have different niches, two species may still use similar resources. Interspecific competit ...
... C o m p e t i t i o n occurs when two organisms fight for the same limited resources. There are two different types of competition: interspecific competition and intraspecific competition. Even though they may have different niches, two species may still use similar resources. Interspecific competit ...
Canopy cover estimates for individual tree attributes
... Abstract.—In most forest inventory data, it is not feasible to estimate the canopy coverage of trees having certain characteristics due to the lack of information on crown size. In this study, data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program was used to assign crown sizes to individual tree ...
... Abstract.—In most forest inventory data, it is not feasible to estimate the canopy coverage of trees having certain characteristics due to the lack of information on crown size. In this study, data from the Forest Inventory and Analysis (FIA) program was used to assign crown sizes to individual tree ...
CP Ecology Notes Part 4
... 5. Hardwood trees such as Maple, Beech and Oak grow in the shade of the pines and eventually grow taller than the pines shading them and ultimately resulting in their death and replacement by the hardwood forest. ...
... 5. Hardwood trees such as Maple, Beech and Oak grow in the shade of the pines and eventually grow taller than the pines shading them and ultimately resulting in their death and replacement by the hardwood forest. ...
Juan Fernández petrel
... population censuses, searching for burrows to include in monitoring, and establishing relationships between habitat and settlement patterns of individuals. Overlap in nest sites between colonial species may result in interspecific competition (Ramos et al. 1997, Rodenhouse et al. 1997, Kokko et al. ...
... population censuses, searching for burrows to include in monitoring, and establishing relationships between habitat and settlement patterns of individuals. Overlap in nest sites between colonial species may result in interspecific competition (Ramos et al. 1997, Rodenhouse et al. 1997, Kokko et al. ...
do plankton and benthos really exist?
... bottomed sea areas, by scuba diving so ogy will make such patterns evident. None water currents towards their mouth”; that the organisms can be observed di- of the main textbooks of ecology or even hydroid feeding specialization can be so rectly in the field. Interactions are evident marine biology ...
... bottomed sea areas, by scuba diving so ogy will make such patterns evident. None water currents towards their mouth”; that the organisms can be observed di- of the main textbooks of ecology or even hydroid feeding specialization can be so rectly in the field. Interactions are evident marine biology ...
6 Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning in Grasslands
... depends on the prevailing environmental conditions. For example, removing drought-resistant species during a wet year will have small effects on ecosystem processes. However, removing them in a dry year may have major ecosystem effects. Therefore, the greater the time-period over which ecosystem res ...
... depends on the prevailing environmental conditions. For example, removing drought-resistant species during a wet year will have small effects on ecosystem processes. However, removing them in a dry year may have major ecosystem effects. Therefore, the greater the time-period over which ecosystem res ...
Braided river field guide - Department of Conservation
... their special communities of native plants and animals. We hope that this guide adds to your enjoyment of braided rivers and wetlands by enabling you to understand more about the variety of animals and plants that live in these special ecological systems. ...
... their special communities of native plants and animals. We hope that this guide adds to your enjoyment of braided rivers and wetlands by enabling you to understand more about the variety of animals and plants that live in these special ecological systems. ...
Section 3 overview of potential threats
... water pumps that use groundwater with subsequent lowering of groundwater levels (e.g. by as much as 9-10m depending on rainfall, plantation location and soil type). There is also potential habitat and water quality issues from plantation processes including erosion, runoff and chemical use. Le ...
... water pumps that use groundwater with subsequent lowering of groundwater levels (e.g. by as much as 9-10m depending on rainfall, plantation location and soil type). There is also potential habitat and water quality issues from plantation processes including erosion, runoff and chemical use. Le ...
leaf functional traits vary with the adult height of plant species in
... among sites and the total variances of each trait across sites were partitioned in a hierarchical manner. The evergreen forests (Jianfengling, Dinghushan and Gutianshan) had lower leaf Nmass and Pmass but higher LMA than the deciduous ones (Baotianman, Changbaishan and Maoershan) (Table 2, P < 0.05) ...
... among sites and the total variances of each trait across sites were partitioned in a hierarchical manner. The evergreen forests (Jianfengling, Dinghushan and Gutianshan) had lower leaf Nmass and Pmass but higher LMA than the deciduous ones (Baotianman, Changbaishan and Maoershan) (Table 2, P < 0.05) ...
National Goat Conference Hand out
... nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, actinomycetes) which consume dead material and render it useful. The abiotic component (non-living environment and exchange materials) affects vegetative distribution. These factors include the topography, altitude, exposure,insolation,precipitation, evaporation, evapo ...
... nematodes, protozoa, bacteria, actinomycetes) which consume dead material and render it useful. The abiotic component (non-living environment and exchange materials) affects vegetative distribution. These factors include the topography, altitude, exposure,insolation,precipitation, evaporation, evapo ...
Eurasia Wilds
... Pollution (contaminants entering natural habitats have a detrimental effect on species) People (growth of population decreases natural habitats; poaching) Over Collection/Overharvesting (human exploitation of natural resources/land) ...
... Pollution (contaminants entering natural habitats have a detrimental effect on species) People (growth of population decreases natural habitats; poaching) Over Collection/Overharvesting (human exploitation of natural resources/land) ...
The Scottish Beaver Trial – The effects of beavers on Atlantic
... impacted by beaver. Also, other lichen habitats were judged to be at a low risk of beaver impact at Knapdale. – Further monitoring over a longer period of time is required to clarify uncertainties as to the long-term impact on Atlantic hazel habitat. Particular attention should be given to continui ...
... impacted by beaver. Also, other lichen habitats were judged to be at a low risk of beaver impact at Knapdale. – Further monitoring over a longer period of time is required to clarify uncertainties as to the long-term impact on Atlantic hazel habitat. Particular attention should be given to continui ...
Gibson Desert 1 (GD1 - Lateritic Plain subregion)
... The off-reserve conservation priority is (ii – iii) (see Appendix C, rank 6) indicating that there are a range of off-park measures required, limited resources, and there is capacity for community involvement to achieve this. There are no major conflicting land uses as much of GD1 is Unoccupied Crow ...
... The off-reserve conservation priority is (ii – iii) (see Appendix C, rank 6) indicating that there are a range of off-park measures required, limited resources, and there is capacity for community involvement to achieve this. There are no major conflicting land uses as much of GD1 is Unoccupied Crow ...
effects of top predator species on direct
... The predators belong to the same guild, viz. hunting spiders, but they come from three different families (Pisauridae, Lycosidae, and Salticidae). Spiders in this guild have long been recognized as common and important natural predators of many insect herbivore species, including grasshoppers (Lavig ...
... The predators belong to the same guild, viz. hunting spiders, but they come from three different families (Pisauridae, Lycosidae, and Salticidae). Spiders in this guild have long been recognized as common and important natural predators of many insect herbivore species, including grasshoppers (Lavig ...
Pennings Functional groups revisited
... above this line and some below it. Atmospheric deposition should favor species like a or b that occur at a relatively high level of soil N for a given pH (or can tolerate acidification at a given N level). These have a positive Ndev value. ...
... above this line and some below it. Atmospheric deposition should favor species like a or b that occur at a relatively high level of soil N for a given pH (or can tolerate acidification at a given N level). These have a positive Ndev value. ...
The Distribution And Diversity Of Land Snails In Shimba Hills
... and snails which live on the surface or in the top 30 cm of the soil. These soft-bodied, “belly-footed” organisms creep by progressive waves of contraction and expansion of a ventral, muscular foot (Martin, 2000). The difference between slugs and snails is that the former has a very small, inconspic ...
... and snails which live on the surface or in the top 30 cm of the soil. These soft-bodied, “belly-footed” organisms creep by progressive waves of contraction and expansion of a ventral, muscular foot (Martin, 2000). The difference between slugs and snails is that the former has a very small, inconspic ...
HABITAT ENHANCING MARINE STRUCTURES: CREATING
... techniques can be used in suburban or rural areas restoration or removal is preferred in these settings, and HEMS are resorted to only if removal of the human-made structure is not an option. Recent research supports the use of HEMS projects. Researchers have examined the communities found on urban ...
... techniques can be used in suburban or rural areas restoration or removal is preferred in these settings, and HEMS are resorted to only if removal of the human-made structure is not an option. Recent research supports the use of HEMS projects. Researchers have examined the communities found on urban ...
Ecology
... Why are the cycles important? How do organisms interact with each other? How can we show trends in populations over time? ...
... Why are the cycles important? How do organisms interact with each other? How can we show trends in populations over time? ...
the vegetation history of snowdonia since the late glacial period
... plantain (Plantago maritima) and, possibly, sea campion (Silene uniflora). They all appear to have been fairly widespread at that time, occurring in both upland and lowland areas, such as the Nant Ffrancon but, as their names suggest, they are now mainly associated with maritime cliffs. There are st ...
... plantain (Plantago maritima) and, possibly, sea campion (Silene uniflora). They all appear to have been fairly widespread at that time, occurring in both upland and lowland areas, such as the Nant Ffrancon but, as their names suggest, they are now mainly associated with maritime cliffs. There are st ...
Missouri Forest Management Guidelines Unit 1
... to survive and reproduce. Approximately 191 native species of vertebrates (80 breeding birds, 42 mammals, 69 herptiles) utilize Missouri’s forests, woodlands, and savannas as key habitat for part or all of their life cycle. Climate, soils, topography, geology, and hydrology as well as land-use and n ...
... to survive and reproduce. Approximately 191 native species of vertebrates (80 breeding birds, 42 mammals, 69 herptiles) utilize Missouri’s forests, woodlands, and savannas as key habitat for part or all of their life cycle. Climate, soils, topography, geology, and hydrology as well as land-use and n ...
Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of
... 2000. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. – Oikos 91: 97 – 108. Biological invasion is a widespread, but poorly understood phenomenon. Elton’s hypothesis, supported by theory, experiment, and anecdotal evidence, suggests that an important d ...
... 2000. Plant diversity increases resistance to invasion in the absence of covarying extrinsic factors. – Oikos 91: 97 – 108. Biological invasion is a widespread, but poorly understood phenomenon. Elton’s hypothesis, supported by theory, experiment, and anecdotal evidence, suggests that an important d ...
Regional and local impact on species diversity – from pattern to
... variety of organisms. These results were independent of the size of the local community, which comprised either 1% or 10% of the 250,000 km2 regional squares. However, even the lower marginal of these two local assemblages covered an area on which animals or plants do not ...
... variety of organisms. These results were independent of the size of the local community, which comprised either 1% or 10% of the 250,000 km2 regional squares. However, even the lower marginal of these two local assemblages covered an area on which animals or plants do not ...
BIODIVERSITY AND HAZARDS MANAGEMENT
... like Robert E. Jenkins. and Thomas Lovejoy. The word biodiversity itself may have been coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985 while planning the National Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the National Research Council (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in a publication in 1988 whe ...
... like Robert E. Jenkins. and Thomas Lovejoy. The word biodiversity itself may have been coined by W.G. Rosen in 1985 while planning the National Forum on Biological Diversity organized by the National Research Council (NRC) which was to be held in 1986, and first appeared in a publication in 1988 whe ...
Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project
The Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, originally called the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project is a large-scale ecological experiment looking at the effects of habitat fragmentation on tropical rainforest; it is one of the most expensive biology experiments ever run. The experiment, which was established in 1979 is located near Manaus, in the Brazilian Amazon. The project is jointly managed by the Smithsonian Institution and INPA, the Brazilian Institute for Research in the Amazon.The project was initiated in 1979 by Thomas Lovejoy to investigate the SLOSS debate. Initially named the Minimum Critical Size of Ecosystems Project, the project created forest fragments of sizes 1 hectare (2 acres), 10 hectares (25 acres), and 100 hectares (247 acres). Data were collected prior to the creation of the fragments and studies of the effects of fragmentation now exceed 25 years.As of October 2010 562 publications and 143 graduate dissertations and theses had emerged from the project.