Auditory Nerve - Neurobiology of Hearing
... This histology slide of a cat cochlea (right) illustrates the sensory receptors, the auditory nerve, and its target the cochlear nucleus. The orientation of the cut is illustrated by the pink line in the drawing of the cat head (left). We learned about the relationship between these structures by i ...
... This histology slide of a cat cochlea (right) illustrates the sensory receptors, the auditory nerve, and its target the cochlear nucleus. The orientation of the cut is illustrated by the pink line in the drawing of the cat head (left). We learned about the relationship between these structures by i ...
Short-Lasting Classical Conditioning Induces
... ing. The stimulator was controlled manually. After a 6 sec interval the trial was repeated. Pairings were repeated four times/min for 10 min/ d for 3 d. Altogether, these animals (n = 7) received 120 pairings of CS + UCS. One day after the end of training the cortical representation of row B was ma ...
... ing. The stimulator was controlled manually. After a 6 sec interval the trial was repeated. Pairings were repeated four times/min for 10 min/ d for 3 d. Altogether, these animals (n = 7) received 120 pairings of CS + UCS. One day after the end of training the cortical representation of row B was ma ...
The Schizophrenic Brain: A Broken Hermeneutic
... and at the global level in consequence of spatiotemporal integration. Dynamic systems theory offers a conceptual approach to EEG signal processing, different from the classical analysis. Time series, even irregular ones, are considered as deterministic phenomena generated by nonlinear differential e ...
... and at the global level in consequence of spatiotemporal integration. Dynamic systems theory offers a conceptual approach to EEG signal processing, different from the classical analysis. Time series, even irregular ones, are considered as deterministic phenomena generated by nonlinear differential e ...
Circuits, Circuits
... Non-associate Learning: Strengthen pre-synaptic axon since: a) it fired/depolarized, and b) significant event (STOP) signalled. After learning, S will only fire when B & D are active (i.e. after a time interval of duration = t1). Details are unclear as to whether A & C develop inhibitory links to S. ...
... Non-associate Learning: Strengthen pre-synaptic axon since: a) it fired/depolarized, and b) significant event (STOP) signalled. After learning, S will only fire when B & D are active (i.e. after a time interval of duration = t1). Details are unclear as to whether A & C develop inhibitory links to S. ...
... adjustable gains compared to GA. PSO has been successfully applied in many areas such as function optimization, artificial neural network training and fuzzy system control. PSO is also already a new and fast-developing research topic [5]. The BI system is inspired by the biological disposition of an ...
SPP 1665: Resolving and manipulating neuronal networks in the
... activity and neuronal network dynamics with high spatio-temporal resolution are critical to understand ACh neuromodulation. However, current electrochemical biosensors are not optimized to measure nanomolar cholinergic signals across small regions like hippocampal sub-layers. Here, we report a novel ...
... activity and neuronal network dynamics with high spatio-temporal resolution are critical to understand ACh neuromodulation. However, current electrochemical biosensors are not optimized to measure nanomolar cholinergic signals across small regions like hippocampal sub-layers. Here, we report a novel ...
learning, Memory, and Cognition: Animal Perspectives
... mals (prohoscis extension response, PER) increases with the num ber of forward pairing trials (CSlUS). Backward paired trials (US/ CS) do not lead to conditioned PER. The right graph gives the result of an extinction experiment. Repeated exposures to the CS without the US leads to reduction ofPER p ...
... mals (prohoscis extension response, PER) increases with the num ber of forward pairing trials (CSlUS). Backward paired trials (US/ CS) do not lead to conditioned PER. The right graph gives the result of an extinction experiment. Repeated exposures to the CS without the US leads to reduction ofPER p ...
Motor System II: Brainstem and spinal cord LMN in CNS lesions
... the transition between medulla and spinal cord and from C1-5 spinal levels. Axons from the nucleus leave spinal cord half way between the dorsal and ventral roots, then rootlets coalesce to form the nerve which ascends and enters into the skull through the foramen magnum only to leave the skull thro ...
... the transition between medulla and spinal cord and from C1-5 spinal levels. Axons from the nucleus leave spinal cord half way between the dorsal and ventral roots, then rootlets coalesce to form the nerve which ascends and enters into the skull through the foramen magnum only to leave the skull thro ...
Brainstem
... - rich vascularity gives its pinkish hue - involved in motor control - inputs -- from deep cerebellar nuclei -- from motor-related cortical areas (corticorubral fibers) - outputs -- spinal cord (rubrospinal fibers) --- project to the same laminae the corticospinal fibers terminate --- corticorubral ...
... - rich vascularity gives its pinkish hue - involved in motor control - inputs -- from deep cerebellar nuclei -- from motor-related cortical areas (corticorubral fibers) - outputs -- spinal cord (rubrospinal fibers) --- project to the same laminae the corticospinal fibers terminate --- corticorubral ...
Activation of CA3 neurons by optogenetic stimulation of mossy fiber
... Despite extensive studies in in vitro preparations, it is unclear whether and how discharges of dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells shape spatial firing of CA3 neurons in behaving animals. To investigate effects of DG granule cell inputs on CA3 neural activity in vivo, we injected Credependent virus ca ...
... Despite extensive studies in in vitro preparations, it is unclear whether and how discharges of dentate gyrus (DG) granule cells shape spatial firing of CA3 neurons in behaving animals. To investigate effects of DG granule cell inputs on CA3 neural activity in vivo, we injected Credependent virus ca ...
D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry General Physiology Ihsan
... sensory relay area, called the ventrobasal nuclei complex. From the ventrobasal complex, third-order nerve fibers project, as shown in the Figure mainly to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex (primary somatosensory area), which is also called somatic sensory area I ...
... sensory relay area, called the ventrobasal nuclei complex. From the ventrobasal complex, third-order nerve fibers project, as shown in the Figure mainly to the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex (primary somatosensory area), which is also called somatic sensory area I ...
An Investigation into the Role of Cortical Synaptic Depression in
... Explanations for forward masking have also been sought in terms of lateral or forward inhibition. However, it has been shown that masking continues to exist even in the presence of a GABA A antagonist and therefore even if inhibitory inputs have some part to play they cannot provide a full account ( ...
... Explanations for forward masking have also been sought in terms of lateral or forward inhibition. However, it has been shown that masking continues to exist even in the presence of a GABA A antagonist and therefore even if inhibitory inputs have some part to play they cannot provide a full account ( ...
Autosomal recessive spino-olivo-cerebellar degeneration without
... without ataxia is distinctly uncommon. It is not known how severely the afferent and the efferent cerebellar connections or the cerebellum itself must be damaged before ataxia appears. On the basis of the incomplete investigation of the brainstem of the two cases which previously came to necropsy, B ...
... without ataxia is distinctly uncommon. It is not known how severely the afferent and the efferent cerebellar connections or the cerebellum itself must be damaged before ataxia appears. On the basis of the incomplete investigation of the brainstem of the two cases which previously came to necropsy, B ...
Two different lateral amygdala cell populations contribute to the
... increased responses were maintained throughout later conditioning trials. Therefore, a cutoff persistence level of 0.75, which bisects this dual distribution, was used to classify these cells as either ‘transiently plastic’ (12 cells) or ‘long-lasting plastic’ (12 cells). As expected based on their ...
... increased responses were maintained throughout later conditioning trials. Therefore, a cutoff persistence level of 0.75, which bisects this dual distribution, was used to classify these cells as either ‘transiently plastic’ (12 cells) or ‘long-lasting plastic’ (12 cells). As expected based on their ...
Battisti_abstractEACD2012
... Although the major neuronal migrations that form the cortical plate occur by the 16th week of gestation, late migrations from the germinal matrix into the cerebral cortex continue until five months postnatally. The external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex continues to migrate until 1 year of ...
... Although the major neuronal migrations that form the cortical plate occur by the 16th week of gestation, late migrations from the germinal matrix into the cerebral cortex continue until five months postnatally. The external granular layer of the cerebellar cortex continues to migrate until 1 year of ...
CHEMICAL SENSES: SMELL AND TASTE Smell = Olfaction
... Flavor of food is a composite of both taste and smell sensation. - when nose is congested by infection, food “tastes” different because the olfactory system is “blocked” In humans, the senses of taste and smell have lost important survival characteristics In many animal species, taste (especially of ...
... Flavor of food is a composite of both taste and smell sensation. - when nose is congested by infection, food “tastes” different because the olfactory system is “blocked” In humans, the senses of taste and smell have lost important survival characteristics In many animal species, taste (especially of ...
(lateral spinothalamic tract).
... Their cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglia. Central processes of unipolar neurons synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. ...
... Their cell bodies are in dorsal root ganglia. Central processes of unipolar neurons synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. ...
CLASSICAL AND INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONING: THE
... findings was obtained by Soltysik, who has shown that the "indirect" connections of Wyrwicka were mediated by the drive or emotional tenter - fear center in defensive reflexes and hunger center in alimentary reflexes (Fig. 4, right). My present concept concerning instrumental conditioning is basical ...
... findings was obtained by Soltysik, who has shown that the "indirect" connections of Wyrwicka were mediated by the drive or emotional tenter - fear center in defensive reflexes and hunger center in alimentary reflexes (Fig. 4, right). My present concept concerning instrumental conditioning is basical ...
X- and Y-Cells in the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate
... for X- and Y-cells from the cat and tree shrew (1, 2, 4). For 42 X-cells, the field sizes averaged 0.3? + 0.1? (mean and standard deviation for this and the following values); for 15 Y-cells this was 0.9? ? 0.3?. Latencies to orthodromic optic chiasm stimulation for 28 X-cells averaged 2.3 ? 0.3 mse ...
... for X- and Y-cells from the cat and tree shrew (1, 2, 4). For 42 X-cells, the field sizes averaged 0.3? + 0.1? (mean and standard deviation for this and the following values); for 15 Y-cells this was 0.9? ? 0.3?. Latencies to orthodromic optic chiasm stimulation for 28 X-cells averaged 2.3 ? 0.3 mse ...
Spinogenesis and pruning in the primary auditory
... the same as those from which data were sampled in our previous studies in visual and granular prefrontal cortex (Elston et al., 2009a,b), thus allowing direct comparisons among data. We selected these age groups for study specifically because 3 weeks of age correlates with the window of the critical ...
... the same as those from which data were sampled in our previous studies in visual and granular prefrontal cortex (Elston et al., 2009a,b), thus allowing direct comparisons among data. We selected these age groups for study specifically because 3 weeks of age correlates with the window of the critical ...
Unit 6 PowerPoint
... conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place. ...
... conditioning in which an association between a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus takes place. ...
Reinforcement learning in cortical networks
... receives rewards when reaching certain states. The agent’s goal is to maximize the expected reward by choosing the optimal action at any given state. In a cortical implementation, the states are defined by sensory stimuli that feed into a neuronal network, and after the network activity is settled, ...
... receives rewards when reaching certain states. The agent’s goal is to maximize the expected reward by choosing the optimal action at any given state. In a cortical implementation, the states are defined by sensory stimuli that feed into a neuronal network, and after the network activity is settled, ...
Review Historical aspects of the anatomy of the reticular formation
... the establishment of the organic structure of an intricate system, which would later be called the reticular system or formation. This article described the differences between clinical and electrobiological manifestations in a cat after experimental transections of the brainstem at the pontine-midb ...
... the establishment of the organic structure of an intricate system, which would later be called the reticular system or formation. This article described the differences between clinical and electrobiological manifestations in a cat after experimental transections of the brainstem at the pontine-midb ...
File
... Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, also called “respondent conditioning” or “Pavlovian conditioning,” a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the t ...
... Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov was the first to describe classical conditioning. In classical conditioning, also called “respondent conditioning” or “Pavlovian conditioning,” a subject comes to respond to a neutral stimulus as he would to another, nonneutral stimulus by learning to associate the t ...
Supervised Learning
... object concept or action is represented by the pattern of activity object, across a population of neurons. Note that this is very different to the way conventional computers represent information using symbols. The connections can learn to translate from one pattern of input to another th pattern. t ...
... object concept or action is represented by the pattern of activity object, across a population of neurons. Note that this is very different to the way conventional computers represent information using symbols. The connections can learn to translate from one pattern of input to another th pattern. t ...