PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen
... career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo nents interact as a system, how can they develop synergy and be integrated into a functional whole? How do networks of neurons aquire those emergent ...
... career of this analytic approach we are still lacking an appropriate under standing of the brain’s integrative functions: How do all the known compo nents interact as a system, how can they develop synergy and be integrated into a functional whole? How do networks of neurons aquire those emergent ...
The nature of neuronal words and language
... be the same. On the other hand, the neuronal word code hypothesis as detailed above takes into consideration that individual spikes have a significant time dimension and shows that even at the level of only two spikes, there can be an enormous number of specific S/P words that can be generated and u ...
... be the same. On the other hand, the neuronal word code hypothesis as detailed above takes into consideration that individual spikes have a significant time dimension and shows that even at the level of only two spikes, there can be an enormous number of specific S/P words that can be generated and u ...
Full Text
... geometric-optical illusions in nineteenth century. However, originated in some of the previous theories, a very important era for the theoretical formulation of illusions began around 1960s leading to the development of very interesting theories later during the past and present centuries. Some of s ...
... geometric-optical illusions in nineteenth century. However, originated in some of the previous theories, a very important era for the theoretical formulation of illusions began around 1960s leading to the development of very interesting theories later during the past and present centuries. Some of s ...
Role of kallikrein enzymes in the central nervous system
... Apart from its kininogenase activity, hK1 has been implicated in the processing of growth factors and peptide hormones in light of its presence in pituitary, pancreas and other tissues [40]. As summarized by Bhoola et al. [38], hK1 has been shown to cleave proinsulin, low-density lipoprotein, the pr ...
... Apart from its kininogenase activity, hK1 has been implicated in the processing of growth factors and peptide hormones in light of its presence in pituitary, pancreas and other tissues [40]. As summarized by Bhoola et al. [38], hK1 has been shown to cleave proinsulin, low-density lipoprotein, the pr ...
Chapter 103: Application Of Imaging Technologies In The
... Because the ability of drugs of abuse to increase extracellular DA concentration is considered crucial for their reinforcing effects, the estimation of DA changes becomes particularly relevant. PET and SPECT enable one to carry such measures in the human brain using radioligands that bind with relat ...
... Because the ability of drugs of abuse to increase extracellular DA concentration is considered crucial for their reinforcing effects, the estimation of DA changes becomes particularly relevant. PET and SPECT enable one to carry such measures in the human brain using radioligands that bind with relat ...
Two Kinds of Reverse Inference in Cognitive Neuroscience
... overlap in part of the neural pattern observed in both conditions (execution and observation) but neither makes specific predictions regarding the fine-grained structure of this pattern. Next, consider location, the result that MN (the set of mirror neurons that selectively fire at the same rate in ...
... overlap in part of the neural pattern observed in both conditions (execution and observation) but neither makes specific predictions regarding the fine-grained structure of this pattern. Next, consider location, the result that MN (the set of mirror neurons that selectively fire at the same rate in ...
Grade 7 ELA Module 4A, Unit 1, Lesson 2
... • First, students begin working with the Thinking Log, which is used throughout Units 1 and 2 as a way to track and reflect on their understanding of the development of the adolescent brain. The Thinking Log serves as a scaffold to SL 7.2—how new information has helped them clarify the issues. See U ...
... • First, students begin working with the Thinking Log, which is used throughout Units 1 and 2 as a way to track and reflect on their understanding of the development of the adolescent brain. The Thinking Log serves as a scaffold to SL 7.2—how new information has helped them clarify the issues. See U ...
Anatomy Written Exam #2 Cranial Nerves Introduction Embryological
... c. Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor func ...
... c. Functional Organization of Thalamic Nuclei All thalamic nuclei, except or the reticular nucleus, project to IPSILATERAL cerebral cortex 1. Specific Nuclei- have point to point projections between individual thalamic nuclei and restricted cortical zones o Have well-defined sensory and motor func ...
Muscle Coordination 1 Changes in Muscle Coordination with
... muscles of the upper limb result in greater increases in torque than equivalent changes in the firing rate of cells that project to the extensor muscles (15). This is also consistent with the observation that a smaller proportion of flexor motor units must be activated in order to produce a given le ...
... muscles of the upper limb result in greater increases in torque than equivalent changes in the firing rate of cells that project to the extensor muscles (15). This is also consistent with the observation that a smaller proportion of flexor motor units must be activated in order to produce a given le ...
Grade 7 ELA Module 4A, Unit 1, Lesson 2
... • First, students begin working with the Thinking Log, which is used throughout Units 1 and 2 as a way to track and reflect on their understanding of the development of the adolescent brain. The Thinking Log serves as a scaffold to SL 7.2—how new information has helped them clarify the issues. See U ...
... • First, students begin working with the Thinking Log, which is used throughout Units 1 and 2 as a way to track and reflect on their understanding of the development of the adolescent brain. The Thinking Log serves as a scaffold to SL 7.2—how new information has helped them clarify the issues. See U ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
... the thalamus), S-I (primary somatosensory cortex, areas 3a, 3b, 1, and 2), S-II/PV (secondary somatosensory and parietal ventral cortex). Posterior parietal areas (blue): 5d/5v (rostral end of superior parietal lobule), PRR (parietal reach region, caudal end of superior parietal lobule), AIP (anteri ...
Impaired Reelin-Dab1 Signaling Contributes to
... size of Cux1 positive cells outlined by N-cadherin immunostaining is increased in the Tsc2 CKO compared to WT at P0. (C) Reduced number of FoxP2-positive layer 6 neurons in the Tsc2 CKO at P24 compared to WT. (D) At P7, more Cux1-positive neurons are present in bin1 (MZ) and bin 3 in the CKO compare ...
... size of Cux1 positive cells outlined by N-cadherin immunostaining is increased in the Tsc2 CKO compared to WT at P0. (C) Reduced number of FoxP2-positive layer 6 neurons in the Tsc2 CKO at P24 compared to WT. (D) At P7, more Cux1-positive neurons are present in bin1 (MZ) and bin 3 in the CKO compare ...
CranialN11
... Review Note: Regarding unilateral and bilateral projections from cortex to sc (or bs nuc sc) that we viewed when examining the descending motor systems of the limbs and axes. Note that the trend for lateral descending tracts serving the limbs to have unilateral (crossed) projections, and medial tr ...
... Review Note: Regarding unilateral and bilateral projections from cortex to sc (or bs nuc sc) that we viewed when examining the descending motor systems of the limbs and axes. Note that the trend for lateral descending tracts serving the limbs to have unilateral (crossed) projections, and medial tr ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... various diverse functions in which assemblies may play a pivotal part, and thirdly analyses whether the surprisingly spatially extensive and prolonged temporal properties of assemblies can be described exclusively in terms of classic synaptic transmission or whether additional, different types of si ...
... various diverse functions in which assemblies may play a pivotal part, and thirdly analyses whether the surprisingly spatially extensive and prolonged temporal properties of assemblies can be described exclusively in terms of classic synaptic transmission or whether additional, different types of si ...
Neurophysiology/sensory physiology Lect. Dr. Zahid M. kadhim
... increased, activation of receptors with higher threshold, because of overlap and interdigitation of one receptive unit with another, receptors of other units are also stimulated, and consequently more units fire. Duration and adaptation If a stimulus of constant strength is maintained on a sensory r ...
... increased, activation of receptors with higher threshold, because of overlap and interdigitation of one receptive unit with another, receptors of other units are also stimulated, and consequently more units fire. Duration and adaptation If a stimulus of constant strength is maintained on a sensory r ...
The Anterior Cingulate Cortex - John Allman
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...
... subject is aware of having made an error, there is a negative deflection in one cycle of this oscillation. This phenomenon has been referred to as “error-related negativity” and it arises from anterior cingulate cortex.28–30 There is also a substantial body of data for anterior cingulate cortex from ...
Cortical region interactions and the functional role of apical
... areas or regions of the cortical sheet can also be identified on the basis of anatomical and functional differences. Pyramidal cell bodies are found in all regions and in layers II, III, V, and VI. This class of neuron has a distinctive morphology, as illustrated in Figure 1, that is characterized b ...
... areas or regions of the cortical sheet can also be identified on the basis of anatomical and functional differences. Pyramidal cell bodies are found in all regions and in layers II, III, V, and VI. This class of neuron has a distinctive morphology, as illustrated in Figure 1, that is characterized b ...
Corticofugal modulation of frequency processing in bat auditory
... Almost all auditory neurons are tuned to particular frequencies. Therefore, all signal processing, including ranging and sound localization, is presumably modulated in the frequency domain by the corticofugal projections originating in the primary auditory cortex. In addition, signal processing in o ...
... Almost all auditory neurons are tuned to particular frequencies. Therefore, all signal processing, including ranging and sound localization, is presumably modulated in the frequency domain by the corticofugal projections originating in the primary auditory cortex. In addition, signal processing in o ...
A phase I trial of deep brain stimulation of memory
... and structural pathology but whose function is nevertheless disrupted by virtue of being linked in the network. This suggests that AD may not only be a degenerative disease but can also be considered as a system-level disorder, affecting several integrated pathways linking select cortical and subcor ...
... and structural pathology but whose function is nevertheless disrupted by virtue of being linked in the network. This suggests that AD may not only be a degenerative disease but can also be considered as a system-level disorder, affecting several integrated pathways linking select cortical and subcor ...
Tracking Whole-Brain Connectivity Dynamics in the Resting State
... terms (Hagmann et al. 2008; Buckner et al. 2009). This dramatically different view on aspects of brain function may in turn help improve diagnostic relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular where activation differences are subtle (Fornito and Bullmore 2012). Despite such progress, we a ...
... terms (Hagmann et al. 2008; Buckner et al. 2009). This dramatically different view on aspects of brain function may in turn help improve diagnostic relevance for neuropsychiatric disorders, in particular where activation differences are subtle (Fornito and Bullmore 2012). Despite such progress, we a ...
Glutamatergic activation of anterior cingulate cortex produces
... pain-predictive sensory stimuli. For example, human imaging and rodent, rabbit and primate electrophysiology studies show activation of ACC neurons in response to a pain-predictive visual CS18,26,30–32. This activation supports the idea that ACC neurons encode and transmit information that generates ...
... pain-predictive sensory stimuli. For example, human imaging and rodent, rabbit and primate electrophysiology studies show activation of ACC neurons in response to a pain-predictive visual CS18,26,30–32. This activation supports the idea that ACC neurons encode and transmit information that generates ...
Biology 231
... (membrane proteins on the postsynaptic neuron that cause change in charge) excitatory neurotransmitter – depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron brings it closer to threshold (may cause an action potential) inhibitory neurotransmitter – hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron becomes ...
... (membrane proteins on the postsynaptic neuron that cause change in charge) excitatory neurotransmitter – depolarizes the postsynaptic neuron brings it closer to threshold (may cause an action potential) inhibitory neurotransmitter – hyperpolarizes the postsynaptic neuron postsynaptic neuron becomes ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.