Supercoils in plant DNA: nucleoid
... higher order organization of nuclear DNA in plants have been conducted. Plants share many common features with the other eukaryotes, but there are also many peculiarities distinguishing them. For example, they possess unusually large genomes, highly variable in size and organization from species to ...
... higher order organization of nuclear DNA in plants have been conducted. Plants share many common features with the other eukaryotes, but there are also many peculiarities distinguishing them. For example, they possess unusually large genomes, highly variable in size and organization from species to ...
Chapter 2. Structures of Nucleic Acids
... mice (Fig. 2.1.A.). Smooth (S) strains produce a capsular polysaccharide on their surface, which allow the Pneumococi to escape destruction by the mouse, and the infection proceeds, i.e. they are virulent. This polysaccaride can be type I, II, or III. Virulent S strains can be killed by heat (i.e., ...
... mice (Fig. 2.1.A.). Smooth (S) strains produce a capsular polysaccharide on their surface, which allow the Pneumococi to escape destruction by the mouse, and the infection proceeds, i.e. they are virulent. This polysaccaride can be type I, II, or III. Virulent S strains can be killed by heat (i.e., ...
msc_botnay_pre_pap1_bl2
... 3. Chromatin Net or thread : Electron microscopic studies of well stained eukaryotic nuclei have revealed that presence of darkly stained network of long, fine and interwoven threads which is called chromatin net or thread. It is also known as nuclear reticulatum. It was first reported by Fleming in ...
... 3. Chromatin Net or thread : Electron microscopic studies of well stained eukaryotic nuclei have revealed that presence of darkly stained network of long, fine and interwoven threads which is called chromatin net or thread. It is also known as nuclear reticulatum. It was first reported by Fleming in ...
Hydrogen autotrophy of Nocardia opaca strains is
... plasmid DNA was subjected to restriction analysis using XbaI, AsnI and SpeI as cleavage enzymes. These endonucleases recognize rarely cutting sites in GC-rich DNA (McClelland et al., 1987). As during electroelution of cells embedded in agarose plugs a few chromosomal DNA fragments were co-eluted, th ...
... plasmid DNA was subjected to restriction analysis using XbaI, AsnI and SpeI as cleavage enzymes. These endonucleases recognize rarely cutting sites in GC-rich DNA (McClelland et al., 1987). As during electroelution of cells embedded in agarose plugs a few chromosomal DNA fragments were co-eluted, th ...
TUTORIAL 8 – DNA - Molecular Movies
... Add a small plank angled at 45 degrees along the y to each larger plank (refer to the pictures on the right for placement). Select the 4 planks, group and name ‘bp.’ This base pair would need to rotate 360 degrees and travel ~7 grid units along the y axis to find itself one helical turn away from wh ...
... Add a small plank angled at 45 degrees along the y to each larger plank (refer to the pictures on the right for placement). Select the 4 planks, group and name ‘bp.’ This base pair would need to rotate 360 degrees and travel ~7 grid units along the y axis to find itself one helical turn away from wh ...
Chapter 12 Molecular Genetics
... The first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material was performed by Fredrick Griffith in 1928. Griffith studied two strains of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia. He found that one strain could be trans–formed, or changed, into the other fo ...
... The first major experiment that led to the discovery of DNA as the genetic material was performed by Fredrick Griffith in 1928. Griffith studied two strains of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia. He found that one strain could be trans–formed, or changed, into the other fo ...
Genetics Notes.notebook
... Each molecule of DNA, containing your genes, is wound tightly into a structure called a chromosome ...
... Each molecule of DNA, containing your genes, is wound tightly into a structure called a chromosome ...
Analysis of Similarities/Dissimilarities of DNA Sequences Based on a
... densities of dinucleotides, then they have closest evolutionary distance, which is accordant with actual evolutionary evidence, while Opossum and Gallus have the most dissimilar compositions of dinucleotides with other species, this is also coincident with the fact that Gallus is non–mammal and Opos ...
... densities of dinucleotides, then they have closest evolutionary distance, which is accordant with actual evolutionary evidence, while Opossum and Gallus have the most dissimilar compositions of dinucleotides with other species, this is also coincident with the fact that Gallus is non–mammal and Opos ...
Section D - Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Chromosome Structure
... • Some genes contain terminator sequences requiring an accessory factor, the rho protein (ρ) to mediated transcription termination. • Rho binds to specific sites in the singlestranded RNA. • Rho protein (hexameric protein) binds to certain RNA structure (72bp) • Rho hydrolyses ATP and moves along th ...
... • Some genes contain terminator sequences requiring an accessory factor, the rho protein (ρ) to mediated transcription termination. • Rho binds to specific sites in the singlestranded RNA. • Rho protein (hexameric protein) binds to certain RNA structure (72bp) • Rho hydrolyses ATP and moves along th ...
Agrobacterium-mediated DNA transfer, and then some
... has raised the possibility that antibiotic resistance genes on the plasmid might be transferred to plants. T-DNA–encoded genes are transcribed from typical eukaryotic promoters. However, transcription in plants of bacterial chromosomal genes from prokaryotic promoters would be problematic. The likel ...
... has raised the possibility that antibiotic resistance genes on the plasmid might be transferred to plants. T-DNA–encoded genes are transcribed from typical eukaryotic promoters. However, transcription in plants of bacterial chromosomal genes from prokaryotic promoters would be problematic. The likel ...
E.coli
... We often want to do something with cloned inserts in expression vectors, viz. make RNA or even protein from it RNA: stick an efficient promoter next to the cloning site; vector DNA transcribed in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase This can be used as a way of making radiolabeled RNA ...
... We often want to do something with cloned inserts in expression vectors, viz. make RNA or even protein from it RNA: stick an efficient promoter next to the cloning site; vector DNA transcribed in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase This can be used as a way of making radiolabeled RNA ...
Modulation of base excision repair of 8
... Measurements of EGFP expression in HeLa cells 24 h after transfection with plasmid vectors containing single 8-oxoG in the 50 -UTR of the gene documented a clear decrease of fluorescence, compared with cells transfected with the reference plasmids harbouring the unmodified oligonucleotide (Figure 1B–F ...
... Measurements of EGFP expression in HeLa cells 24 h after transfection with plasmid vectors containing single 8-oxoG in the 50 -UTR of the gene documented a clear decrease of fluorescence, compared with cells transfected with the reference plasmids harbouring the unmodified oligonucleotide (Figure 1B–F ...
LAB 1: Scientific Method/Tools of Scientific Inquiry
... 3. plug the wires from the lid into the power supply, matching red to red and black to black 4. turn on the power supply and set it to ~100 volts (and press “run” if necessary) 5. allow the gel to run for 1 hour and 30 minutes (set a timer so you don’t forget!) At this point move on to “DNA purifica ...
... 3. plug the wires from the lid into the power supply, matching red to red and black to black 4. turn on the power supply and set it to ~100 volts (and press “run” if necessary) 5. allow the gel to run for 1 hour and 30 minutes (set a timer so you don’t forget!) At this point move on to “DNA purifica ...
Lab 1 genomic DNA
... Phenol is a strong denaturing agent for proteins. In phenol extractions, proteins partition into the organic phase (and interface) whereas nucleic acids partition in the aqueous phase. Usually phenol is used in a 1: 1 mixture with chloroform since deproteinization is more effective when two differen ...
... Phenol is a strong denaturing agent for proteins. In phenol extractions, proteins partition into the organic phase (and interface) whereas nucleic acids partition in the aqueous phase. Usually phenol is used in a 1: 1 mixture with chloroform since deproteinization is more effective when two differen ...
Reflection on Lloyd/Rhind Genetics Unit First and Foremost
... me students, but for myself as a Biology instructor as well. Mr. Rhind has been supportive in every way towards helping us all better grasp the genetics topics we attempted to cover. His knowledge and patience were key to making this unit work so successfully. I found that the Journaling and DNA ext ...
... me students, but for myself as a Biology instructor as well. Mr. Rhind has been supportive in every way towards helping us all better grasp the genetics topics we attempted to cover. His knowledge and patience were key to making this unit work so successfully. I found that the Journaling and DNA ext ...
Document
... (between locus yY and zZ) and is followed by a genetic exchange mediated by RecA (an exchange between the lagging strand and the leading strand template is shown). (B3) RuvC resolves the first Holliday junction bound by RuvAB. As in pathway A, the outcome, monomeric or dimeric chromosome, depends on ...
... (between locus yY and zZ) and is followed by a genetic exchange mediated by RecA (an exchange between the lagging strand and the leading strand template is shown). (B3) RuvC resolves the first Holliday junction bound by RuvAB. As in pathway A, the outcome, monomeric or dimeric chromosome, depends on ...
Binding of ColEl-kan Plasmid DNA by Tobacco
... radioactivity recovered from the protoplasts may have represented DNA that was partially degraded by nucleases. Complete integrity of the plasmid DNA would not be required for maintenance of the kanamycin resistance gene if that DNA segment was integrated into the plant cell genome. Third, molecular ...
... radioactivity recovered from the protoplasts may have represented DNA that was partially degraded by nucleases. Complete integrity of the plasmid DNA would not be required for maintenance of the kanamycin resistance gene if that DNA segment was integrated into the plant cell genome. Third, molecular ...
Characterization of two rice DNA methyltransferases
... 2001) , and sex determination (Siroky et al. 1998) . Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (DNA MTases), enzymes capable of transferring a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to cytosine residues of the double helix, are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA methylation in animals is general ...
... 2001) , and sex determination (Siroky et al. 1998) . Cytosine-5 DNA methyltransferases (DNA MTases), enzymes capable of transferring a methyl group from S-adenosyl methionine to cytosine residues of the double helix, are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. DNA methylation in animals is general ...
Polymerase chain reaction and its applications
... strands (image/mirror image) wind around a common axis forming a double helix, thus positioning bases to the inside with phosphate groups and sugar moeities turned outwards. Both strands are connected to each other via hydrogen bonds formed between base pairs where adenine always interacts with thym ...
... strands (image/mirror image) wind around a common axis forming a double helix, thus positioning bases to the inside with phosphate groups and sugar moeities turned outwards. Both strands are connected to each other via hydrogen bonds formed between base pairs where adenine always interacts with thym ...
Biology, 8th Edition
... breakdown by modifying it after replication. An enzyme adds a methyl group to one or more bases in each restriction site so that the restriction enzyme does not recognize and cut the bacterial DNA. Restriction enzymes enable scientists to cut DNA from chromosomes into shorter fragments in a controll ...
... breakdown by modifying it after replication. An enzyme adds a methyl group to one or more bases in each restriction site so that the restriction enzyme does not recognize and cut the bacterial DNA. Restriction enzymes enable scientists to cut DNA from chromosomes into shorter fragments in a controll ...
Taster Lab Student Doc PDF
... sure the toothpick is oriented so that the cheek cells are immersed in the PBS solution. Stir the PBS with the stick and let sit in tube for 2-3 minutes. Gently shake stick to dislodge attached cells and remove stick from tube. c. Dispose of toothpick in biohazard trash. Do not reuse toothpick. 3. C ...
... sure the toothpick is oriented so that the cheek cells are immersed in the PBS solution. Stir the PBS with the stick and let sit in tube for 2-3 minutes. Gently shake stick to dislodge attached cells and remove stick from tube. c. Dispose of toothpick in biohazard trash. Do not reuse toothpick. 3. C ...
Personal Genetics: PCR Determination of PTC Tasters
... sure the toothpick is oriented so that the cheek cells are immersed in the PBS solution. Stir the PBS with the stick and let sit in tube for 2-3 minutes. Gently shake stick to dislodge attached cells and remove stick from tube. c. Dispose of toothpick in biohazard trash. Do not reuse toothpick. 3. C ...
... sure the toothpick is oriented so that the cheek cells are immersed in the PBS solution. Stir the PBS with the stick and let sit in tube for 2-3 minutes. Gently shake stick to dislodge attached cells and remove stick from tube. c. Dispose of toothpick in biohazard trash. Do not reuse toothpick. 3. C ...
Teacher`s guide - National Centre for Biotechnology Education
... A single gene is being investigated. Blood samples have been taken from each of the 24 members of an extended family and from these DNA has been extracted and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)*. For the single locus being investigated there are two different alleles (i.e., types of ...
... A single gene is being investigated. Blood samples have been taken from each of the 24 members of an extended family and from these DNA has been extracted and amplified using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)*. For the single locus being investigated there are two different alleles (i.e., types of ...
Ezekiel Code with DNA Molecule: Fifteen Similarities
... 13B: According to the biological books, the “space” inside of cell under the membrane called cytoplasm. The entire cell including nucleus is full of water and also the enzyme-catalyzed reactions take place in aqueous solutions. 13C: Obviously, Ezekiel saw structure of cytoplasm looked like “rushing ...
... 13B: According to the biological books, the “space” inside of cell under the membrane called cytoplasm. The entire cell including nucleus is full of water and also the enzyme-catalyzed reactions take place in aqueous solutions. 13C: Obviously, Ezekiel saw structure of cytoplasm looked like “rushing ...
Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 Å
... The central histone-fold domains of all four core histone proteins share a highly similar structural motif constructed from three α-helices connected by two loops, L1 and L2, denoted as α1-L1-α2-L2-α3 (Fig. 1c). These regions form crescent-shaped heterodimers in the pairings H3-H4 (Fig. 2a) and H2A- ...
... The central histone-fold domains of all four core histone proteins share a highly similar structural motif constructed from three α-helices connected by two loops, L1 and L2, denoted as α1-L1-α2-L2-α3 (Fig. 1c). These regions form crescent-shaped heterodimers in the pairings H3-H4 (Fig. 2a) and H2A- ...
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym ""desoxyribonucleic acid"" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.