Notions of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Manipulating DNA
... DNA representation Single stranded DNA has polarity It has phosphate (attached to the 5’-carbon of the sugar) available for binding at one end of the strand and the 3’-carbon of the sugar available at the other end: the 5’-end and the 3’-end Four types of nucleotides (A,T,C,G) One single stranded D ...
... DNA representation Single stranded DNA has polarity It has phosphate (attached to the 5’-carbon of the sugar) available for binding at one end of the strand and the 3’-carbon of the sugar available at the other end: the 5’-end and the 3’-end Four types of nucleotides (A,T,C,G) One single stranded D ...
7. APPLICATIONS - UTH e
... different melting temperatures. When separated by electrophoresis through a gradient of increasing chemical denaturant (usually formamide and urea), the mobility of the molecule is retarded at the concentration at which the DNA strands of low melt domain dissociate. The branched structure of the sin ...
... different melting temperatures. When separated by electrophoresis through a gradient of increasing chemical denaturant (usually formamide and urea), the mobility of the molecule is retarded at the concentration at which the DNA strands of low melt domain dissociate. The branched structure of the sin ...
Slides
... §Primary structure - sequence of bases along pentosephosphodiester backbone §Base sequence read from 5’ to 3’ (5’-GCCATTTCCCG-3’) read à §a-double helix – two antiparallel strands wrapped around in right-hand manner §Base pairing: A-T; G –C §Hydrogen bonding: 3 G-C; 2 A-T From McKee and McKee, Bioch ...
... §Primary structure - sequence of bases along pentosephosphodiester backbone §Base sequence read from 5’ to 3’ (5’-GCCATTTCCCG-3’) read à §a-double helix – two antiparallel strands wrapped around in right-hand manner §Base pairing: A-T; G –C §Hydrogen bonding: 3 G-C; 2 A-T From McKee and McKee, Bioch ...
Gene Section NEIL1 (nei endonuclease VIII-like 1 (E. coli))
... deoxyribo-5'-phosphate (dRP) and excised by a dRP lyase (dRPase) activity of DNA polymerase beta. Since NEIL1 also has dRPase activity, NEIL1 has a role as a backup dRPase in mammalian cells. (5) NEIL1 has a repair activity for oxidized bases in single-strand DNA and bubble DNA, suggesting a possibi ...
... deoxyribo-5'-phosphate (dRP) and excised by a dRP lyase (dRPase) activity of DNA polymerase beta. Since NEIL1 also has dRPase activity, NEIL1 has a role as a backup dRPase in mammalian cells. (5) NEIL1 has a repair activity for oxidized bases in single-strand DNA and bubble DNA, suggesting a possibi ...
An Approximate Approach to DNA Denaturation
... results. As already mentioned the DNA double helix undergoes strand separation melting in which the interbase H-bonds have to be broken. T h e motion of the helix involved in this bond disruption are low frequency collective motion of the entire macromolecule. A detailed theory or description of mel ...
... results. As already mentioned the DNA double helix undergoes strand separation melting in which the interbase H-bonds have to be broken. T h e motion of the helix involved in this bond disruption are low frequency collective motion of the entire macromolecule. A detailed theory or description of mel ...
KOD -Plus
... -Primers should be 22-34 bases with a melting temperature (Tm) over 60°C. For amplification of a long target, 25-34 bases with high Tm values (≥ 65°C) are recommended. PCR primers should be designed according to the general guidelines. ...
... -Primers should be 22-34 bases with a melting temperature (Tm) over 60°C. For amplification of a long target, 25-34 bases with high Tm values (≥ 65°C) are recommended. PCR primers should be designed according to the general guidelines. ...
Chapter 13
... The outer edges of the base pairs are exposed and accessible for additional hydrogen bonding. The surfaces of the A-T and C-G base pairs are chemically distinct. Binding of proteins to specific base pair sequences is the key to protein-DNA interactions, which are necessary for the replication and ex ...
... The outer edges of the base pairs are exposed and accessible for additional hydrogen bonding. The surfaces of the A-T and C-G base pairs are chemically distinct. Binding of proteins to specific base pair sequences is the key to protein-DNA interactions, which are necessary for the replication and ex ...
How Does Replication-Associated Mutational Pressure Influence
... In fast-dividing cells, the copy number of proximal genes can be up to eight times higher than that of distal genes (Cooper and Helmstetter 1968). This reflects the topology of replication when the cell cycle is shorter than the time needed for replication of the whole chromosome. Nevertheless, it i ...
... In fast-dividing cells, the copy number of proximal genes can be up to eight times higher than that of distal genes (Cooper and Helmstetter 1968). This reflects the topology of replication when the cell cycle is shorter than the time needed for replication of the whole chromosome. Nevertheless, it i ...
Local DNA stretching mimics the distortion caused by - ENS-phys
... (1–3) shows that DNA is severely deformed. The protein binds to the minor groove face of the DNA duplex and bends DNA away toward the major groove. More recent x-ray studies (4–6) show that the structure induced by this interaction is conserved during the fixation of the transcription factors, TFIIA ...
... (1–3) shows that DNA is severely deformed. The protein binds to the minor groove face of the DNA duplex and bends DNA away toward the major groove. More recent x-ray studies (4–6) show that the structure induced by this interaction is conserved during the fixation of the transcription factors, TFIIA ...
book ppt - Castle High School
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
DNA and Its Role in Heredity
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
An Apple a Day: Extracting DNA from Any Living Thing
... B. DNA is present in EVERY cell of ALL living organisms. C. Long, thick fibers, arranged in a double helix, of DNA store information for the functioning of the chemistry of life, and for building and maintaining a living organism. D. The process of extracting (taking it out of, or removing it from) ...
... B. DNA is present in EVERY cell of ALL living organisms. C. Long, thick fibers, arranged in a double helix, of DNA store information for the functioning of the chemistry of life, and for building and maintaining a living organism. D. The process of extracting (taking it out of, or removing it from) ...
Lecture Presentation to accompany Principles of Life
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
... Okazaki fragments are added to RNA primers to replicate the lagging strand. When the last primer is removed no DNA synthesis occurs because there is no 3′ end to extend—a single-stranded bit of DNA is left at each end. These are cut after replication and the chromosome is slightly shortened after ea ...
DNA and Gene Expression (chaps 12-15)
... molecule to the small subunit of a ribosome and ending generalized with the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. Include in your answer a discussion of how the different types of RNA function in this process. 3. Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of messe ...
... molecule to the small subunit of a ribosome and ending generalized with the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome. Include in your answer a discussion of how the different types of RNA function in this process. 3. Describe the operon hypothesis and discuss how it explains the control of messe ...
Stretching DNA Fibers out of a Chromosome in Solution
... rod-shaped, deeply staining bodies that become visible in the eucaryotic cell nucleus at mitosis. Most interphase chromosomes are too far extended and entangled for clearly observing their structures. In contrast, chromosomes from nearly all eucaryotic cells are readily visible during mitosis when t ...
... rod-shaped, deeply staining bodies that become visible in the eucaryotic cell nucleus at mitosis. Most interphase chromosomes are too far extended and entangled for clearly observing their structures. In contrast, chromosomes from nearly all eucaryotic cells are readily visible during mitosis when t ...
Overview of milestones in genetics and genetic variation Author
... had determined that the backbone of the DNA molecule contained repeating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups. The biochemist Erwin Chargaff had found that while the Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi ...
... had determined that the backbone of the DNA molecule contained repeating phosphate and deoxyribose sugar groups. The biochemist Erwin Chargaff had found that while the Institute of Lifelong Learning, University of Delhi ...
Activity 19.4, DNA Sequencing
... “DNA Sequencing is a laboratory method of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment. The most popular method, sometimes called dideoxysequencing, was worked out by Frederick Sanger in 1974, and so is also called Sanger sequencing. The method utilizes DNA polymerase in vitro to perform a ...
... “DNA Sequencing is a laboratory method of determining the nucleotide sequence of a DNA fragment. The most popular method, sometimes called dideoxysequencing, was worked out by Frederick Sanger in 1974, and so is also called Sanger sequencing. The method utilizes DNA polymerase in vitro to perform a ...
DNA CLONING
... Bacteriophage lambda vectors were developed because several observations were made that suggested that they could complete their life cycles even if foreign DNA was inserted into a portion of its genome. This suggested that certain regions of the virus were not ...
... Bacteriophage lambda vectors were developed because several observations were made that suggested that they could complete their life cycles even if foreign DNA was inserted into a portion of its genome. This suggested that certain regions of the virus were not ...
ppt - eweb.furman.edu
... 4. RNA performs a wide variety of functions in living cells: a. m-RNA is a ‘copy’ of a gene, read by the ribosome to make a protein b. r-RNA is made the same way, is IN the Ribosome, and ‘reads’ the m-RNA c. t-RNA is made the same way, and brings amino acids to the ribosome d. mi-RNA (micro-RNA) and ...
... 4. RNA performs a wide variety of functions in living cells: a. m-RNA is a ‘copy’ of a gene, read by the ribosome to make a protein b. r-RNA is made the same way, is IN the Ribosome, and ‘reads’ the m-RNA c. t-RNA is made the same way, and brings amino acids to the ribosome d. mi-RNA (micro-RNA) and ...
Ku Binds Telomeric DNA in Vitro - Titia de Lange Lab
... Whereas in yeast, no tails are detectable by an in-gel hybridization assay, setting the upper limit for telomeric overhangs at about 20 nucleotides (48, 49), long G-rich overhangs (130 –270 nucleotides) are observed at mammalian telomeres (45– 47). Thus the biochemical requirements for binding to ch ...
... Whereas in yeast, no tails are detectable by an in-gel hybridization assay, setting the upper limit for telomeric overhangs at about 20 nucleotides (48, 49), long G-rich overhangs (130 –270 nucleotides) are observed at mammalian telomeres (45– 47). Thus the biochemical requirements for binding to ch ...
Isolation of DNA from A Single Helminth Using New Developed Kit
... from this critical point, it is known, that the optimal ethanol precipitation of the low quantity of the DNA needs usually carrier molecules. Jiang et al. (12) have isolated the DNA from different number of oocystes of Cryptosporidium using 6 methods (traditional phenol-chloroform method, QIAamp DNA ...
... from this critical point, it is known, that the optimal ethanol precipitation of the low quantity of the DNA needs usually carrier molecules. Jiang et al. (12) have isolated the DNA from different number of oocystes of Cryptosporidium using 6 methods (traditional phenol-chloroform method, QIAamp DNA ...
LATENT PERIODICITY OF DNA SEQUENCES OF MANY GENES
... independent random values. According to [16] 21(DNA,B) and 2I(DNA,C) is distributed as X2with 3(B-l) and 3(C-l) degrees of freedom accordingly. The mutual information I(DNA,kB), where k = 2,3,4..., may be equal to or exceed I(DNA,B). For example, if we calculate the mutual information between the ar ...
... independent random values. According to [16] 21(DNA,B) and 2I(DNA,C) is distributed as X2with 3(B-l) and 3(C-l) degrees of freedom accordingly. The mutual information I(DNA,kB), where k = 2,3,4..., may be equal to or exceed I(DNA,B). For example, if we calculate the mutual information between the ar ...
Nucleic Acid Structures, Energetics, and Dynamics
... or RNA from a single molecule without first amplifying it by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).18 The method will be left as an exercise for the reader. Analysis of DNA Sequence. The Human Genome Project is supported by NIH and DOE to identify all human genes and thus to revolutionize the diagnosi ...
... or RNA from a single molecule without first amplifying it by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).18 The method will be left as an exercise for the reader. Analysis of DNA Sequence. The Human Genome Project is supported by NIH and DOE to identify all human genes and thus to revolutionize the diagnosi ...
Enzyme Mechanisms - Illinois Institute of Technology
... We often want to do something with cloned inserts in expression vectors, viz. make RNA or even protein from it RNA: stick an efficient promoter next to the cloning site; vector DNA transcribed in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase This can be used as a way of making radiolabeled RNA ...
... We often want to do something with cloned inserts in expression vectors, viz. make RNA or even protein from it RNA: stick an efficient promoter next to the cloning site; vector DNA transcribed in vitro using SP6 RNA polymerase This can be used as a way of making radiolabeled RNA ...
Taq DNA Polymerase
... Start the PCR program. Once the thermal cycler has reached 94°C, place the PCR tubes in the thermal cycler. In many cases, this simplified hot start improves the specificity of the PCR. Note: After amplification, samples can be stored overnight at 2–8°C, or at –20°C for longer storage. 7. PCR produc ...
... Start the PCR program. Once the thermal cycler has reached 94°C, place the PCR tubes in the thermal cycler. In many cases, this simplified hot start improves the specificity of the PCR. Note: After amplification, samples can be stored overnight at 2–8°C, or at –20°C for longer storage. 7. PCR produc ...
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym ""desoxyribonucleic acid"" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.