The distribution of DNA translocation times in solid
... perform the experiments. The 10 kHz low pass Bessel filter in the Axopatch 200B was selected for most of the measurements in this work. Two sets of data for DNA chain length studies were recorded for a 100 kHz filter as described in the caption to figure 4. The concentration of DNA molecules in the ...
... perform the experiments. The 10 kHz low pass Bessel filter in the Axopatch 200B was selected for most of the measurements in this work. Two sets of data for DNA chain length studies were recorded for a 100 kHz filter as described in the caption to figure 4. The concentration of DNA molecules in the ...
Expansion of tandem repeats and oligomer
... We also calculate the expected length of repetitions if the oligomers – with the same frequencies as in real sequence – were randomly placed along an arti cial sequence. We use the expected length of repetitions of oligomers as a control. By forming the dimensionless ratio between the actual value t ...
... We also calculate the expected length of repetitions if the oligomers – with the same frequencies as in real sequence – were randomly placed along an arti cial sequence. We use the expected length of repetitions of oligomers as a control. By forming the dimensionless ratio between the actual value t ...
Selick, H.E., Barry, J., Cha, T. - Bruce Alberts
... In this view, the polydisperse size range of Okazaki fragments observed (see Figure 35, below) would reflect a corresponding difference in the size of the first Ukazaki fragment synthesized on each template DNA molecule in vitro. An attractive aspect of this proposal is that the total amount of sing ...
... In this view, the polydisperse size range of Okazaki fragments observed (see Figure 35, below) would reflect a corresponding difference in the size of the first Ukazaki fragment synthesized on each template DNA molecule in vitro. An attractive aspect of this proposal is that the total amount of sing ...
Biology - Unit 8 Teacher Notes DNA and Protein Synthesis
... The cold water protects the DNA by slowing down enzymes that can break it apart. Why would a cell contain enzymes that destroy DNA? These enzymes are present in the cell cytoplasm (not the nucleus) to destroy the DNA of viruses that may enter our cells and make us sick. A cell's DNA is usually prote ...
... The cold water protects the DNA by slowing down enzymes that can break it apart. Why would a cell contain enzymes that destroy DNA? These enzymes are present in the cell cytoplasm (not the nucleus) to destroy the DNA of viruses that may enter our cells and make us sick. A cell's DNA is usually prote ...
Electrokinetic Stretching of Tethered DNA
... Shaqfeh, 2003). The observation of single molecules of DNA using fluorescence microscopy has also provided new information on biological processes. For example, several groups have investigated the structure of chromatin fibers, a packaging structure in eukaryotes made up of DNA wound tightly around ...
... Shaqfeh, 2003). The observation of single molecules of DNA using fluorescence microscopy has also provided new information on biological processes. For example, several groups have investigated the structure of chromatin fibers, a packaging structure in eukaryotes made up of DNA wound tightly around ...
pdf
... e) The γ complex loads and unloads the sliding clamp. Answer 5.15 The primosome contains PriA, PriB, PriC, DnaB, DnaT and primase (DnaG). It does not contain DnaC, but this protein is needed to form the primosome. A hexamer of DnaC forms a complex with a hexamer of DnaB, which is the complex needed, ...
... e) The γ complex loads and unloads the sliding clamp. Answer 5.15 The primosome contains PriA, PriB, PriC, DnaB, DnaT and primase (DnaG). It does not contain DnaC, but this protein is needed to form the primosome. A hexamer of DnaC forms a complex with a hexamer of DnaB, which is the complex needed, ...
Ch 8 Workbook Answer Key
... KEY CONCEPT DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is a chain of nucleotides. In DNA, each nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a sugar called deoxyribose, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. These four bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Two of the ...
... KEY CONCEPT DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is a chain of nucleotides. In DNA, each nucleotide is made of a phosphate group, a sugar called deoxyribose, and one of four nitrogen-containing bases. These four bases are cytosine (C), thymine (T), adenine (A), and guanine (G). Two of the ...
PartTwoAnswers.doc
... periods, labeled nucleotides can be incorporated during initiation of the short nascent chain as well as the during the elongation and termination. Since the 5’ end was labeled only during longer pulses, it must be the part synthesized first. Thus the direction of chain growth is 5’ to 3. Answer 5.1 ...
... periods, labeled nucleotides can be incorporated during initiation of the short nascent chain as well as the during the elongation and termination. Since the 5’ end was labeled only during longer pulses, it must be the part synthesized first. Thus the direction of chain growth is 5’ to 3. Answer 5.1 ...
Package `rDNA`
... This method computes the density of network matrices. It works for weighted or binary networks, and it can return within- and between-block density if actor types or the affiliation of actors to theoretical groups is given. For example, in a network of political actors, each actor may have a certain ...
... This method computes the density of network matrices. It works for weighted or binary networks, and it can return within- and between-block density if actor types or the affiliation of actors to theoretical groups is given. For example, in a network of political actors, each actor may have a certain ...
Sheared DNA fragment sizing: comparison of techniques
... not only an integral element in the kinetics of DNA reassociation and hybridization, but also affects the kinds of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA duplexes obtained. For some experiments it is necessary to use long (>1000 base pair) fragments of DNA. Fragments of this size have been used to determine the extent ...
... not only an integral element in the kinetics of DNA reassociation and hybridization, but also affects the kinds of DNA-DNA or DNA-RNA duplexes obtained. For some experiments it is necessary to use long (>1000 base pair) fragments of DNA. Fragments of this size have been used to determine the extent ...
2.5.1 Variation of Species 2.5.2 Heredity and Gene
... Q. What term is used to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height? Ability to roller skate Adenine; Thymine; Guanine; Cytosine DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil ...
... Q. What term is used to describe differences within a population with respect to features such as height? Ability to roller skate Adenine; Thymine; Guanine; Cytosine DNA contains thymine; RNA contains uracil ...
Tiger beetles - Discover the Microbes Within!
... The collection was essentially random as I sampled from multiple sites and did not discriminate between which beetles I collected. Collection was done on 2 occasions, off 2 separate trails. Both trails we in the terra Firma but near the flood forests The Samples were stored in 95% alcohol and in a f ...
... The collection was essentially random as I sampled from multiple sites and did not discriminate between which beetles I collected. Collection was done on 2 occasions, off 2 separate trails. Both trails we in the terra Firma but near the flood forests The Samples were stored in 95% alcohol and in a f ...
Influence of the environment and probes on rapid DNA sequencing
... by sampling the current with the driving field off. The distributions of these currents, with this particular pore geometry, for all four bases are shown in the top section of Figure 3, assuming each current is measured instantaneously.∗∗ We can see that these distributions are unique, but overlappi ...
... by sampling the current with the driving field off. The distributions of these currents, with this particular pore geometry, for all four bases are shown in the top section of Figure 3, assuming each current is measured instantaneously.∗∗ We can see that these distributions are unique, but overlappi ...
Processivity of DNA polymerases: two mechanisms, one goal
... family contain a putative domain in a location similar to the one in T7 polymerase between helices H and H1. The polymerase of the E. coli bacteriophage T3 contains a thioredoxin-binding domain and thus may use thioredoxin as a processivity factor in a similar manner to T7. Similarly, the DNA polyme ...
... family contain a putative domain in a location similar to the one in T7 polymerase between helices H and H1. The polymerase of the E. coli bacteriophage T3 contains a thioredoxin-binding domain and thus may use thioredoxin as a processivity factor in a similar manner to T7. Similarly, the DNA polyme ...
A model for repair of radiation-induced DNA double
... anti~aralIel(~~). However, the relatively small difference in free energy could be overcome readily by a variety of factors, including restraining DNA binding proteins or prohibitive transition energies. In the current context, 'antiparallel' means that the two duplexes are oriented in opposite dire ...
... anti~aralIel(~~). However, the relatively small difference in free energy could be overcome readily by a variety of factors, including restraining DNA binding proteins or prohibitive transition energies. In the current context, 'antiparallel' means that the two duplexes are oriented in opposite dire ...
When replication travels on damaged templates: bumps and blocks
... Following a single priming event, the leading-strand template can be synthesized in a continuous, processive 5 –3 manner. However, the lagging strand template is synthesized in a direction opposite to the progress of the ongoing fork, and requires a primase activity that must constantly reprime th ...
... Following a single priming event, the leading-strand template can be synthesized in a continuous, processive 5 –3 manner. However, the lagging strand template is synthesized in a direction opposite to the progress of the ongoing fork, and requires a primase activity that must constantly reprime th ...
File - Molecular Biology 2
... larger), the coding region of the gene will represent one of a million such sequences in the genome. Although most of the DNA in mammalian genomes does not consist of genes, still, isolating any one gene is like searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack. Most techniques used in the analysis ...
... larger), the coding region of the gene will represent one of a million such sequences in the genome. Although most of the DNA in mammalian genomes does not consist of genes, still, isolating any one gene is like searching for the proverbial needle in a haystack. Most techniques used in the analysis ...
Proof corrections should be returned in one communication to Justin
... proteins, as they lack the strong binding preference for ssDNA over dsDNA exhibited by RecA and UvsX. Consequently, in vivo, Rad51 or Dmc1 needs to be targeted to ssDNA, and filaments that have formed on dsDNA must be dissociated. The evolutionary constraints that led to these differences between DN ...
... proteins, as they lack the strong binding preference for ssDNA over dsDNA exhibited by RecA and UvsX. Consequently, in vivo, Rad51 or Dmc1 needs to be targeted to ssDNA, and filaments that have formed on dsDNA must be dissociated. The evolutionary constraints that led to these differences between DN ...
Python Practice
... one line at a time as the program is running b. A program that reads and executes source code one line at a time. Does not create an executable file that can run independently. c. A program that reads, interprets, and executes a program, eliminating the need for compiling source code. Running a prog ...
... one line at a time as the program is running b. A program that reads and executes source code one line at a time. Does not create an executable file that can run independently. c. A program that reads, interprets, and executes a program, eliminating the need for compiling source code. Running a prog ...
Recovery of DNA for Forensic Analysis from Lip Cosmetics*
... stages. This could be observed directly, as a number of the DNA extracts were seen to have a distinct pink or orange hue. However, while many of the extracts were pigmented, not all such extracts resulted in fluorescent artefacts occurring in the DNA profile, and artifacts in the DNA profiles were a ...
... stages. This could be observed directly, as a number of the DNA extracts were seen to have a distinct pink or orange hue. However, while many of the extracts were pigmented, not all such extracts resulted in fluorescent artefacts occurring in the DNA profile, and artifacts in the DNA profiles were a ...
Draft Declaration Robert Nussbaum1 18 10[1]
... “In molecular terms, a gene is an aggregate of several segments of a chromosome (emphasis added). Some segments regulate the activity of the gene. From other segments, various types of RNA are produced”. This molecular definition of a gene is ambiguous. When speaking of “several segments of a chromo ...
... “In molecular terms, a gene is an aggregate of several segments of a chromosome (emphasis added). Some segments regulate the activity of the gene. From other segments, various types of RNA are produced”. This molecular definition of a gene is ambiguous. When speaking of “several segments of a chromo ...
Bacterial Genetics
... i. Some bacteria contain plasmid DNA c. Here is an example of a plasmid DNA d. Most bacteria have 1 circular DNA chromosome ranging from 1 megabase to 8 megabase or 8,000kb i. If talk about bacterial chromosome we refer to collection of all genes present on a bacterious chromosome or its extrachromo ...
... i. Some bacteria contain plasmid DNA c. Here is an example of a plasmid DNA d. Most bacteria have 1 circular DNA chromosome ranging from 1 megabase to 8 megabase or 8,000kb i. If talk about bacterial chromosome we refer to collection of all genes present on a bacterious chromosome or its extrachromo ...
Force spectroscopy of single DNA and RNA molecules Mark C
... force than that observed experimentally [20–22]. Rouzina and Bloomfield [23,24] have proposed an alternative model for DNA overstretching as a force-induced melting process. In this model, the base pairs holding the two DNA strands together break as the DNA unwinds during the transition. This model ...
... force than that observed experimentally [20–22]. Rouzina and Bloomfield [23,24] have proposed an alternative model for DNA overstretching as a force-induced melting process. In this model, the base pairs holding the two DNA strands together break as the DNA unwinds during the transition. This model ...
From Genetics to DNA
... together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other stra ...
... together by phosphate groups that form phosphodiester bonds between the third and fifth carbon atoms of adjacent sugar rings. These asymmetric bonds mean a strand of DNA has a direction. In a double helix the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other stra ...
Segmented Arrangement of Borrelia duttonii DNA
... Medical School, London W6 8RP, UK (Received 20 November 1987 ;revised 17 February 1988) ...
... Medical School, London W6 8RP, UK (Received 20 November 1987 ;revised 17 February 1988) ...
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk ˈæsɪd/; DNA) is a molecule that carries most of the genetic instructions used in the development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses. DNA is a nucleic acid; alongside proteins and carbohydrates, nucleic acids compose the three major macromolecules essential for all known forms of life. Most DNA molecules consist of two biopolymer strands coiled around each other to form a double helix. The two DNA strands are known as polynucleotides since they are composed of simpler units called nucleotides. Each nucleotide is composed of a nitrogen-containing nucleobase—either cytosine (C), guanine (G), adenine (A), or thymine (T)—as well as a monosaccharide sugar called deoxyribose and a phosphate group. The nucleotides are joined to one another in a chain by covalent bonds between the sugar of one nucleotide and the phosphate of the next, resulting in an alternating sugar-phosphate backbone. According to base pairing rules (A with T, and C with G), hydrogen bonds bind the nitrogenous bases of the two separate polynucleotide strands to make double-stranded DNA. The total amount of related DNA base pairs on Earth is estimated at 5.0 x 1037, and weighs 50 billion tonnes. In comparison, the total mass of the biosphere has been estimated to be as much as 4 TtC (trillion tons of carbon).DNA stores biological information. The DNA backbone is resistant to cleavage, and both strands of the double-stranded structure store the same biological information. Biological information is replicated as the two strands are separated. A significant portion of DNA (more than 98% for humans) is non-coding, meaning that these sections do not serve as patterns for protein sequences.The two strands of DNA run in opposite directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel. Attached to each sugar is one of four types of nucleobases (informally, bases). It is the sequence of these four nucleobases along the backbone that encodes biological information. Under the genetic code, RNA strands are translated to specify the sequence of amino acids within proteins. These RNA strands are initially created using DNA strands as a template in a process called transcription.Within cells, DNA is organized into long structures called chromosomes. During cell division these chromosomes are duplicated in the process of DNA replication, providing each cell its own complete set of chromosomes. Eukaryotic organisms (animals, plants, fungi, and protists) store most of their DNA inside the cell nucleus and some of their DNA in organelles, such as mitochondria or chloroplasts. In contrast, prokaryotes (bacteria and archaea) store their DNA only in the cytoplasm. Within the chromosomes, chromatin proteins such as histones compact and organize DNA. These compact structures guide the interactions between DNA and other proteins, helping control which parts of the DNA are transcribed.First isolated by Friedrich Miescher in 1869 and with its molecular structure first identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953, DNA is used by researchers as a molecular tool to explore physical laws and theories, such as the ergodic theorem and the theory of elasticity. The unique material properties of DNA have made it an attractive molecule for material scientists and engineers interested in micro- and nano-fabrication. Among notable advances in this field are DNA origami and DNA-based hybrid materials.The obsolete synonym ""desoxyribonucleic acid"" may occasionally be encountered, for example, in pre-1953 genetics.