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C303, Teaching Building 2015/09 Genetic Susceptibility(易感性)
C303, Teaching Building 2015/09 Genetic Susceptibility(易感性)

... take into account all possible causative factors. ...
Genetics Session 3_2016
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... GWAS first appeared 24 months ago, now several new diseases each month Inflammatory diseases show multiple associations, with some common variants (notably the MHC) Depression and Hypertension show nothing: likely no variants with a relative risk greater than 1.5 ...
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... The Law of Independent Assortment: each pair of allele segregates independently of other pairs of alleles ...
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... E. In a dihybrid cross, how many parent genotypes are possible in the gametes? How many phenotypes are possible in the offspring? F. What does a 9:3:3:1 ratio mean? G. In reality, not all genes act as clearly as the 7 traits in Mendel’s studies. Explain what is meant by each term below: Continuous V ...
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... • Don’t actually know what all 30,000 genes do • Don’t forget polygenetic and other environmental effects ...
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... alleles segregate from each other so that each gamete carries only a ______ single copy of each gene ____. ...
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... The inheritance pattern in which two different alleles for a trait are expressed unblended in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals. Type AB human blood is an example. An inheritance pattern in which a gene has more than two alleles. The human ABO blood type system is an example. It is controlle ...
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... is a gradual difference in a certain heritable trait between individuals. Skin color, hair color, height, etc. show continuous variation as they show a range of possibilities. ...
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...  Twins used to study environmental influences because their genes are identical, any differences between them are due to the environment ...
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... Father of genetics  Univ. of Vienna monk 1851  Wondered why different pea plants had different characteristics  He observed that many pea plants’ traits were similar to their parents ...
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Twin study



Twin studies reveal the absolute and relative importance of environmental and genetic influences on individuals in a sample. Twin research is considered a key tool in behavioral genetics and in content fields, from biology to psychology. Twin studies are part of the methods used in behavior genetics, which includes all data that are genetically informative – siblings, adoptees, pedigree data etc.Twins are a valuable source for observation because they allow the study of varying family environments (across pairs) and widely differing genetic makeup: ""identical"" or monozygotic (MZ) twins share nearly 100% of their genes, which means that most differences between the twins (such as height, susceptibility to boredom, intelligence, depression, etc.) is due to experiences that one twin has but not the other twin. ""Fraternal"" or dizygotic (DZ) twins share only about 50% of their genes. Thus powerful tests of the effects of genes can be made. Twins share many aspects of their environment (e.g., uterine environment, parenting style, education, wealth, culture, community) by virtue of being born in the same time and place. The presence of a given genetic trait in only one member of a pair of identical twins (called discordance) provides a powerful window into environmental effects.The classical twin design compares the similarity of monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins. If identical twins are considerably more similar than fraternal twins (which is found for most traits), this implicates that genes play an important role in these traits. By comparing many hundreds of families of twins, researchers can then understand more about the roles of genetic effects, shared environment, and unique environment in shaping behavior.Modern twin studies have shown that almost all traits are in part influenced by genetic differences, with some characteristics showing a strong influence (e.g. height), others an intermediate level (e.g. personality traits) and some more complex heritabilities, with evidence for different genes affecting different aspects of the trait — as in the case of autism.
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