Protoplast isolation
... Protoplasts can be isolated from a range of plant tissues: leaves, stems, roots, flowers, anthers and even pollen. The isolation and culture media used vary with the species and with the tissue from which the protoplasts were isolated. Protoplasts are used in a number of ways for research and for pl ...
... Protoplasts can be isolated from a range of plant tissues: leaves, stems, roots, flowers, anthers and even pollen. The isolation and culture media used vary with the species and with the tissue from which the protoplasts were isolated. Protoplasts are used in a number of ways for research and for pl ...
Alpine Biome
... white. When it makes the fruit, the plant dies. Here’s how they adapt. It’s found in open forest and meadows at the sub-alpine and low alpine elevations in the western United States. It’s a fire resistant species, that is the first plant to grow after a fire. It sprouts from its rhizomes. The roots ...
... white. When it makes the fruit, the plant dies. Here’s how they adapt. It’s found in open forest and meadows at the sub-alpine and low alpine elevations in the western United States. It’s a fire resistant species, that is the first plant to grow after a fire. It sprouts from its rhizomes. The roots ...
Observations on the breakdown of faeces in bags and buckets held
... increases (the more soil the better!) 3. Conversion is faster as the area of interface (ie proximity of soil to excreta) increased. (ie a better mix helps) 4. Red worms appear to thrive in or close to raw excreta 5. Red worms are know to be good converters of waste products into good compost 6. Eart ...
... increases (the more soil the better!) 3. Conversion is faster as the area of interface (ie proximity of soil to excreta) increased. (ie a better mix helps) 4. Red worms appear to thrive in or close to raw excreta 5. Red worms are know to be good converters of waste products into good compost 6. Eart ...
Hydrocotyle ranunculoides (Apiaceae – floating (marsh) pennywort)
... Oceania: Australia (Western Australia). First found in 1983, and measures are taken to eradicate it and prevent any further spread. Habitat H. ranunculoides can be found in slow-flowing water bodies, particularly ditches, canals, lakes and ponds. Growth is more abundant on eutrophic sites with high ...
... Oceania: Australia (Western Australia). First found in 1983, and measures are taken to eradicate it and prevent any further spread. Habitat H. ranunculoides can be found in slow-flowing water bodies, particularly ditches, canals, lakes and ponds. Growth is more abundant on eutrophic sites with high ...
Lecture 8. Biogeochemical Cycles
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
... emerged because nitrogen was a limiting element for microbial growth. Although molecular nitrogen was abundant in the atmosphere, microbial cells could not directly utilize nitrogen as N2 gas. Cells require organic nitrogen compounds or reduced inorganic forms of nitrogen for growth. Therefore, unde ...
Chapter 24 Plant Structure
... plants to grow throughout their lifetime • Apical meristems at the tips of stems and roots increase the length of these tissues • Apical meristem produces three types of meristem, which produce three specialized tissues Epidermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue ...
... plants to grow throughout their lifetime • Apical meristems at the tips of stems and roots increase the length of these tissues • Apical meristem produces three types of meristem, which produce three specialized tissues Epidermal tissue Ground tissue Vascular tissue ...
Chapter 31
... 31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots The apical meristems of shoot tips occur as buds at the stem tip and at the base of leaves Cells produced in the shoot apical meristem differentiate into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Vascular tissue produced from the apical meristem is ca ...
... 31.7 Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots The apical meristems of shoot tips occur as buds at the stem tip and at the base of leaves Cells produced in the shoot apical meristem differentiate into dermal, vascular, and ground tissues Vascular tissue produced from the apical meristem is ca ...
O l d M a n ’ s ...
... Seeds are easily dispersed by the wind and on equipment, so make sure to do any cutting before the seeds form. Stems can be suspended above ground and allowed to dry out, as long as the ends are not touching the ground. See Disposal Methods section below for more information. ...
... Seeds are easily dispersed by the wind and on equipment, so make sure to do any cutting before the seeds form. Stems can be suspended above ground and allowed to dry out, as long as the ends are not touching the ground. See Disposal Methods section below for more information. ...
Morphology of Flowering Plants
... 4. Region of maturation: From this region some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. ...
... 4. Region of maturation: From this region some of the epidermal cells form very fine and delicate, thread-like structures called root hairs. These root hairs absorb water and minerals from the soil. ...
Power Point for Lab 1
... Flooding events carry rocks and minerals, which are deposited in bands. ...
... Flooding events carry rocks and minerals, which are deposited in bands. ...
A land plant-specific multigene family in the unicellular
... presence of very long KE- or P-rich stretches in some A. thaliana sequences) (fig. 1A and supplementary fig. 1 [fig_S1.pdf] in Supplementary Material online). The specific function and cellular localization of these proteins are not known; some have potential signal peptides and might be secreted ex ...
... presence of very long KE- or P-rich stretches in some A. thaliana sequences) (fig. 1A and supplementary fig. 1 [fig_S1.pdf] in Supplementary Material online). The specific function and cellular localization of these proteins are not known; some have potential signal peptides and might be secreted ex ...
Document
... wastewater treatment landfill and toxic waste degradation Methane production: sewage treatment, landfill in cows; greenhouse gas Photosynthesis Nitrogen fixation (N2 --> NH3) Nitrification, denitrification ...
... wastewater treatment landfill and toxic waste degradation Methane production: sewage treatment, landfill in cows; greenhouse gas Photosynthesis Nitrogen fixation (N2 --> NH3) Nitrification, denitrification ...
Lesson Overview
... to produce the two haploid nuclei of a single pollen grain. • Two nuclei are surrounded by a thick wall that protects the male gametophyte. ...
... to produce the two haploid nuclei of a single pollen grain. • Two nuclei are surrounded by a thick wall that protects the male gametophyte. ...
Plant Recognition: Classification and Identification of Field Crop
... Timber crops, which supply materials for industrial and construction purposes, include pine trees and many varieties of hardwood trees. Classification of Field Crops According to Special Uses Green-manure crops are those which, when plowed under the soil during their latter growing stages, supply nu ...
... Timber crops, which supply materials for industrial and construction purposes, include pine trees and many varieties of hardwood trees. Classification of Field Crops According to Special Uses Green-manure crops are those which, when plowed under the soil during their latter growing stages, supply nu ...
Hyena meat is considered a delicacy in Saudi Arabia (Reuters)
... Nasser Al-Thubaiti said he has hunted hyenas several times. After he kills the animal, he immediately removes the viscera from his abdomen. He said that this is usually done by hyena hunters so that the offal does not emit their toxins into the meat and pollute it. Jaber Al-Otaibi said he hunts hyen ...
... Nasser Al-Thubaiti said he has hunted hyenas several times. After he kills the animal, he immediately removes the viscera from his abdomen. He said that this is usually done by hyena hunters so that the offal does not emit their toxins into the meat and pollute it. Jaber Al-Otaibi said he hunts hyen ...
24-1 PowerPoint
... actually taken place. The resources saved can be used to make many more seeds. ...
... actually taken place. The resources saved can be used to make many more seeds. ...
Goats and their Nutrition
... K) must be insured in a goat’s diet due to its inability to make these vitamins. Rumen flora can make vitamin B in enough quantities needed for goat metabolism. Vitamin C is essential for the immune system to work efficiently. Minerals can be classified as macro and micro minerals. Calcium, phosphor ...
... K) must be insured in a goat’s diet due to its inability to make these vitamins. Rumen flora can make vitamin B in enough quantities needed for goat metabolism. Vitamin C is essential for the immune system to work efficiently. Minerals can be classified as macro and micro minerals. Calcium, phosphor ...
plant physiology
... factor in the normal growth of the plant. When the rate of transpiration exceeds, water deficit may occur and wilting may take place. If water deficit is carried to extreme, it may result in the death of plant. 2.1.4.3 Effect on mineral salt absorption Transpiration provides continuous supply of flo ...
... factor in the normal growth of the plant. When the rate of transpiration exceeds, water deficit may occur and wilting may take place. If water deficit is carried to extreme, it may result in the death of plant. 2.1.4.3 Effect on mineral salt absorption Transpiration provides continuous supply of flo ...
Natural History of the American Cranberry, Vaccinium macrocarpon
... The cranberry is a native American fruit. Its native range extends in temperate climate zones from the East Coast to the Central U. S. and Canada and from Southern Canada in the north to the Appalachians in the south. The plant is a low-growing, trailing, woody vine with a perennial habit. Cranberri ...
... The cranberry is a native American fruit. Its native range extends in temperate climate zones from the East Coast to the Central U. S. and Canada and from Southern Canada in the north to the Appalachians in the south. The plant is a low-growing, trailing, woody vine with a perennial habit. Cranberri ...
Crop ProfilesCrop Profile for Bananas in American Samoa
... controlled by cultural rather than chemical methods, even on larger plantations. Cultural Control: The most common methods of weed control are crop canopy management, hand clearing and mulching. Crop canopy: Most weeds thrive in full sun and even partial shading by the plant canopy inhibits their ge ...
... controlled by cultural rather than chemical methods, even on larger plantations. Cultural Control: The most common methods of weed control are crop canopy management, hand clearing and mulching. Crop canopy: Most weeds thrive in full sun and even partial shading by the plant canopy inhibits their ge ...
autumn olive: weed or new cash crop?
... utumn olive (scientific name: Elaeagnus umbellata) is a large shrub growing 10 to 15 feet tall and up to 20 feet across. Plants are readily identifiable by the distinct silvery color of the leaves, particularly on the underside, the small pale-yellow fragrant flowers that emerge in April, and the re ...
... utumn olive (scientific name: Elaeagnus umbellata) is a large shrub growing 10 to 15 feet tall and up to 20 feet across. Plants are readily identifiable by the distinct silvery color of the leaves, particularly on the underside, the small pale-yellow fragrant flowers that emerge in April, and the re ...
Metabolic fate of amino acid
... • L-amnio acid oxidase is present in liver and kideny tissue. • These autoxidizable flavoproteins oxidize amino acids to an a -imino acid that adds water and decomposes to the corresponding a -keto acid with release of ammonium ion (Fig.11.3). • The reduced flavin is reoxidized directly by molecular ...
... • L-amnio acid oxidase is present in liver and kideny tissue. • These autoxidizable flavoproteins oxidize amino acids to an a -imino acid that adds water and decomposes to the corresponding a -keto acid with release of ammonium ion (Fig.11.3). • The reduced flavin is reoxidized directly by molecular ...
CHAPTER 11CSOIL AS A RESOURCE
... 5. Soils can be characterized on the basis of color, texture (size distribution of fragments in the soil), and structure (the tendency of soil particles to form lumps). 6. Pedalfers are typically acidic soils that develop in regions having abundant rainfall and are rich in aluminum and iron. Pedocal ...
... 5. Soils can be characterized on the basis of color, texture (size distribution of fragments in the soil), and structure (the tendency of soil particles to form lumps). 6. Pedalfers are typically acidic soils that develop in regions having abundant rainfall and are rich in aluminum and iron. Pedocal ...
MESCAL AGAVE, Agave parryi
... These plants have many different adaptions to this harsh environment. Tall, columnar Saguaro cactuses are commonly associated with the Sonoran Desert, but many other species of cactus grow there; such as Organ Pipe, Barrel and Cholla cactuses. Gila woodpeckers, owls and many reptiles find protection ...
... These plants have many different adaptions to this harsh environment. Tall, columnar Saguaro cactuses are commonly associated with the Sonoran Desert, but many other species of cactus grow there; such as Organ Pipe, Barrel and Cholla cactuses. Gila woodpeckers, owls and many reptiles find protection ...
Plant nutrition
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Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds that are necessary for plant growth, and also of their external supply and internal metabolism. In 1972, E. Epstein defined two criteria for an element to be essential for plant growth: in its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle; or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite.This is in accordance with Liebig's law of the minimum. There are 14 essential plant nutrients. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients including water are typically obtained from the soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants).Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from the growing media: the primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) the three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg) the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis). Micro nutrients are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million, ranging from 5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight.Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants with adequate nutrition and do not require fertilizer for a complete life cycle. However, humans can artificially modify soil through the addition of fertilizer to promote vigorous growth and increase yield. The plants are able to obtain their required nutrients from the fertilizer added to the soil. A colloidal carbonaceous residue, known as humus, can serve as a nutrient reservoir. Even with adequate water and sunshine, nutrient deficiency can limit growth.Nutrient uptake from the soil is achieved by cation exchange, where root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root.Plant nutrition is a difficult subject to understand completely, partly because of the variation between different plants and even between different species or individuals of a given clone. An element present at a low level may cause deficiency symptoms, while the same element at a higher level may cause toxicity. Further, deficiency of one element may present as symptoms of toxicity from another element. An abundance of one nutrient may cause a deficiency of another nutrient. For example, lower availability of a given nutrient such as SO42− can affect the uptake of another nutrient, such as NO3−. As another example, K+ uptake can be influenced by the amount of NH4+ available.The root, especially the root hair, is the most essential organ for the uptake of nutrients. The structure and architecture of the root can alter the rate of nutrient uptake. Nutrient ions are transported to the center of the root, the stele in order for the nutrients to reach the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem. The Casparian strip, a cell wall outside the stele but within the root, prevents passive flow of water and nutrients, helping to regulate the uptake of nutrients and water. Xylem moves water and inorganic molecules within the plant and phloem accounts for organic molecule transportation. Water potential plays a key role in a plants nutrient uptake. If the water potential is more negative within the plant than the surrounding soils, the nutrients will move from the region of higher solute concentration—in the soil—to the area of lower solute concentration: in the plant.There are three fundamental ways plants uptake nutrients through the root: simple diffusion, occurs when a nonpolar molecule, such as O2, CO2, and NH3 follows a concentration gradient, moving passively through the cell lipid bilayer membrane without the use of transport proteins. facilitated diffusion, is the rapid movement of solutes or ions following a concentration gradient, facilitated by transport proteins. Active transport, is the uptake by cells of ions or molecules against a concentration gradient; this requires an energy source, usually ATP, to power molecular pumps that move the ions or molecules through the membrane. Nutrients are moved inside a plant to where they are most needed. For example, a plant will try to supply more nutrients to its younger leaves than to its older ones. When nutrients are mobile, symptoms of any deficiency become apparent first on the older leaves. However, not all nutrients are equally mobile. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are mobile nutrients, while the others have varying degrees of mobility. When a less mobile nutrient is deficient, the younger leaves suffer because the nutrient does not move up to them but stays in the older leaves. This phenomenon is helpful in determining which nutrients a plant may be lacking.Many plants engage in symbiosis with microorganisms. Two important types of these relationship are with bacteria such as rhizobia, that carry out biological nitrogen fixation, in which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonium (NH4); and with mycorrhizal fungi, which through their association with the plant roots help to create a larger effective root surface area. Both of these mutualistic relationships enhance nutrient uptake. Though nitrogen is plentiful in the Earth's atmosphere, relatively few plants harbor nitrogen fixing bacteria, so most plants rely on nitrogen compounds present in the soil to support their growth. These can be supplied by mineralization of soil organic matter or added plant residues, nitrogen fixing bacteria, animal waste, or through the application of fertilizers.Hydroponics, is a method for growing plants in a water-nutrient solution without the use of nutrient-rich soil. It allows researchers and home gardeners to grow their plants in a controlled environment. The most common solution, is the Hoagland solution, developed by D. R. Hoagland in 1933, the solution consists of all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions necessary for most plant growth. An aerator is used to prevent an anoxic event or hypoxia. Hypoxia can affect nutrient uptake of a plant because without oxygen present, respiration becomes inhibited within the root cells. The Nutrient film technique is a variation of hydroponic technique. The roots are not fully submerged, which allows for adequate aeration of the roots, while a ""film"" thin layer of nutrient rich water is pumped through the system to provide nutrients and water to the plant.