High-frequency stimulation in Parkinson`s disease: more
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
... Deep-brain stimulation at high frequency is now considered the most effective neurosurgical therapy for movement disorders. An electrode is chronically implanted in a particular area of the brain and, when continuously stimulated, it significantly alleviates motor symptoms. In Parkinson’s disease, c ...
The medial geniculate, not the amygdala, as the root of auditory fear
... 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major fi ...
... 3.3. Experimental support for the AMYG model The AMYG model has been presented in numerous reviews (e.g., Fanselow and LeDoux, 1999; LeDoux, 1990, 1992, 1993a, 1994, 1995, 2000; LeDoux and Muller, 1997; Maren, 2001; Maren and Quirk, 2004; Phelps and LeDoux, 2005; Rodrigues et al., 2009). The major fi ...
How PACAP CeA Infusion Alters Mechanical and Thermal Sensitivity
... 1.1 Prevalence of Pain Pain is part of the human experience. Pain has been defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2011). Acute and chron ...
... 1.1 Prevalence of Pain Pain is part of the human experience. Pain has been defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage (International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2011). Acute and chron ...
The Basal Ganglia and Motor Control
... ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression of motor and/or cognitive outputs. Via different types of dopamine receptors in the two populations of striatal output neurons, dopamine has an opposing role on these output pathways of the striatum. Via the dopamine D1 receptor, the activity of the ...
... ganglia target areas and, thereby, the suppression of motor and/or cognitive outputs. Via different types of dopamine receptors in the two populations of striatal output neurons, dopamine has an opposing role on these output pathways of the striatum. Via the dopamine D1 receptor, the activity of the ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
... of these subpopulations were matched to a greater extent (Chafee and Goldman-Rakic 1998) than could be gleaned from independent studies of the two populations using similar, but not identical, tasks (Andersen et al. 1990b; Bruce and Goldberg 1985; Funahashi et al. 1989 –1991; Gnadt and Andersen 1988 ...
Words in the brain`s language
... those contributing to the representation of, say, an odor. Accordingly, the representation of a word would not be restricted to a small cortical locus, but would be distributed over well-defined areas, for example over Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and some other areas. The Hebbian model is based on three fu ...
... those contributing to the representation of, say, an odor. Accordingly, the representation of a word would not be restricted to a small cortical locus, but would be distributed over well-defined areas, for example over Broca’s, Wernicke’s, and some other areas. The Hebbian model is based on three fu ...
Firing activities of auditory cortical neurons during categorical task
... In prototype distortion tasks, each category is created by first defining a category prototype and then creating the category members by randomly distorting these prototypes (Posner and Keele, 1968; Homa et al., 1981). Neither individuals with frontal lobe lesions nor individuals with disease of the ...
... In prototype distortion tasks, each category is created by first defining a category prototype and then creating the category members by randomly distorting these prototypes (Posner and Keele, 1968; Homa et al., 1981). Neither individuals with frontal lobe lesions nor individuals with disease of the ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer be ...
... either in liquid- or sound-reinforced trials but rarely distinguished between movement and nonmovement reactions. These instruction responses reflected the predicted motivational outcome rather than the behavioral reaction necessary for obtaining that outcome. Activations preceding the reinforcer be ...
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... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
... The nervous system has more than one type of neuron. c) There are more neurons than glial cells in the nervous system. d) A nerve is best defined as a bundle of axons from different neurons. e) Glial cells serve to support neurons, as well as to form the myelin sheath on axons. ANS: c TOP: MOD: 2.1 ...
Perception Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
... In most in vitro studies of STDP, the induction protocol consists of relatively simple spike patterns with pre/post spikes paired at regular intervals. The advantage of this approach is that each induction pattern can be described by a small number of parameters, and the dependence of synaptic modif ...
Spike Timing-Dependent Plasticity: From Synapse to Perception
... individual pyramidal neurons with enhanced processing capacity (44, 94), the computational power can only be harvested if the inputs carrying different signals are segregated into distinct regions (8, 72). In fact, the importance of domain-specific inputs has been well recognized for inhibitory inte ...
... individual pyramidal neurons with enhanced processing capacity (44, 94), the computational power can only be harvested if the inputs carrying different signals are segregated into distinct regions (8, 72). In fact, the importance of domain-specific inputs has been well recognized for inhibitory inte ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... design of future physiological studies would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the anatomic details. What are needed are injections of tract tracers into the pons to show possible cortical and subcortical afferent sources that previously have not been apparent in “top–down”, cortico-cen ...
... design of future physiological studies would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the anatomic details. What are needed are injections of tract tracers into the pons to show possible cortical and subcortical afferent sources that previously have not been apparent in “top–down”, cortico-cen ...
On real-world temporal pattern recognition using Liquid State
... world is a task we’ve not yet succeeded in. Uncertainty caused by noise is a major pain in the behind. But dealing with sensory input over time is most certainly its equal in causing us trouble. Time is what sets temporal pattern recognition aside from the normal blend we introduced in the previous ...
... world is a task we’ve not yet succeeded in. Uncertainty caused by noise is a major pain in the behind. But dealing with sensory input over time is most certainly its equal in causing us trouble. Time is what sets temporal pattern recognition aside from the normal blend we introduced in the previous ...
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... during this period. Previous studies in rodents have demonstrated that a MAG antibody can neutralize MAG-mediated inhibition and promote neurite outgrowth associated with improved behavioral recovery after injury to the cerebral cortex.3,10 A study in 47 healthy human subjects found GSK249320 to be ...
... during this period. Previous studies in rodents have demonstrated that a MAG antibody can neutralize MAG-mediated inhibition and promote neurite outgrowth associated with improved behavioral recovery after injury to the cerebral cortex.3,10 A study in 47 healthy human subjects found GSK249320 to be ...
INTRINSIC CONNECTIONS AND CYTOARCHITECTONIC DATA OF
... premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventrally exhibited certain differences in the thickness and distinctness of the particular cortical layers, as well as in the neuronal arrangement within these layers (5, 6, 12,' 47, 50). Some of the cytoarchitec ...
... premotor cortices. It was shown that in the two species the areas situated dorsally or ventrally exhibited certain differences in the thickness and distinctness of the particular cortical layers, as well as in the neuronal arrangement within these layers (5, 6, 12,' 47, 50). Some of the cytoarchitec ...
Neural Mechanisms of Reward in Insects - Chittka Lab
... the drives by satisfying the needs. Although appealing and parsimonious, it did not explain why people would eat something tasty even after being satiated nor odd behaviors such as treating predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost ...
... the drives by satisfying the needs. Although appealing and parsimonious, it did not explain why people would eat something tasty even after being satiated nor odd behaviors such as treating predictive stimuli as reward (e.g., gnawing on a food dish as if it were food). Drive reduction theories lost ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... predicting potential monetary gains (upward arrows) or losses (downward arrows) with either low ( 0.2 E) or high ( 2.0 E) magnitudes. Horizontally oriented arrows indicated the control condition, which did not result in monetary outcomes. After the offset of the incentive cue, a flash light was ...
... predicting potential monetary gains (upward arrows) or losses (downward arrows) with either low ( 0.2 E) or high ( 2.0 E) magnitudes. Horizontally oriented arrows indicated the control condition, which did not result in monetary outcomes. After the offset of the incentive cue, a flash light was ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... species, extending from pigeons to humans, value judgments are subject to time-discounting. A reward of a given size is perceived as having greater or lesser value according to whether delivery is anticipated after a shorter or longer delay (Cardinal et al. 2001; Evenden and Ryan 1996; Herrnstein 1 ...
... species, extending from pigeons to humans, value judgments are subject to time-discounting. A reward of a given size is perceived as having greater or lesser value according to whether delivery is anticipated after a shorter or longer delay (Cardinal et al. 2001; Evenden and Ryan 1996; Herrnstein 1 ...
... the process that mediates sustained effort, is partially modulated by DA in the prefrontal cortex (PFC)(16) . Now, it is known that methylphenidate not only inhibits the dopamine transporter but also the norepinephrine transporter, and that amphetamines affect all three monoamines, including seroton ...
Effect of Spatial Attention on the Responses of Area MT Neurons
... behavioral contexts. In contrast to bottom-up processes, which are involuntary, top-down processes involve a voluntary selection mechanism that can be flexibly directed to different stimuli in the same visual scene depending on current behavioral demands. A key question raised by psychophysical stud ...
... behavioral contexts. In contrast to bottom-up processes, which are involuntary, top-down processes involve a voluntary selection mechanism that can be flexibly directed to different stimuli in the same visual scene depending on current behavioral demands. A key question raised by psychophysical stud ...
Role of the Basal Ganglia in the Control of Purposive - lsr
... globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi); the substantia nigra is divided into the pars reticulata (SNr) and pars compacta (SNc). The CD and PUT are the two input stations, ...
... globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus (STN).1 The globus pallidus is further divided into the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi); the substantia nigra is divided into the pars reticulata (SNr) and pars compacta (SNc). The CD and PUT are the two input stations, ...
Time perception
Time perception is a field of study within psychology and neuroscience that refers to the subjective experience of time, which is measured by someone's own perception of the duration of the indefinite and continuous unfolding of events. The perceived time interval between two successive events is referred to as perceived duration. Another person's perception of time cannot be directly experienced or understood, but it can be objectively studied and inferred through a number of scientific experiments. Time perception is a construction of the brain that is manipulable and distortable under certain circumstances. These temporal illusions help to expose the underlying neural mechanisms of time perception.Pioneering work, emphasizing species-specific differences, was conducted by Karl Ernst von Baer. Experimental work began under the influence of the psycho-physical notions of Gustav Theodor Fechner with studies of the relationship between perceived and measured time.