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... leading to pronounced chemical and isotopic heterogeneity. Firstly, portions of oceanic crust (ocean islands as well as some mid-ocean ridges) show geochemical signatures that cannot be explained as remnants of un-differentiated mantle (also called bulk silicate Earth) or its simple melt depletion ( ...
... leading to pronounced chemical and isotopic heterogeneity. Firstly, portions of oceanic crust (ocean islands as well as some mid-ocean ridges) show geochemical signatures that cannot be explained as remnants of un-differentiated mantle (also called bulk silicate Earth) or its simple melt depletion ( ...
“The “plate” model for the genesis of melting anomalies”
... origin of melting anomalies, “But what alternatives are there to the plume hypothesis?” This question may even be posed immediately after alternatives have just been described. The objective of this article is to lay out the alternative known as the “plate model,” so that future work may build on wh ...
... origin of melting anomalies, “But what alternatives are there to the plume hypothesis?” This question may even be posed immediately after alternatives have just been described. The objective of this article is to lay out the alternative known as the “plate model,” so that future work may build on wh ...
Geologic Structures
... (Fig. 1–3). A gully may form in a single afternoon; over much longer times, the same process forms canyons and spacious river valleys. People build cities along rivers to take advantage of the flat land, fertile soil, and abundant water. But the erosion continues. Rivers wear away at their banks and ...
... (Fig. 1–3). A gully may form in a single afternoon; over much longer times, the same process forms canyons and spacious river valleys. People build cities along rivers to take advantage of the flat land, fertile soil, and abundant water. But the erosion continues. Rivers wear away at their banks and ...
SeiSmological grand challengeS in UnderStanding earth`S
... elasticity, and applied mathematics. Modern seismological systems utilize state-of-theart digital ground motion recording sensors and real-time communications systems, and anyone can openly access many seismological data archives. Seismologists “keep their ear” on Earth’s internal systems, listening ...
... elasticity, and applied mathematics. Modern seismological systems utilize state-of-theart digital ground motion recording sensors and real-time communications systems, and anyone can openly access many seismological data archives. Seismologists “keep their ear” on Earth’s internal systems, listening ...
"postorogenie" magmatism
... these "postorogenie" magmatic suites, the critical geodynamic problems related to their genesis remain unanswered. However, the geodynamic and compositional data allow some inferences regarding their origin. First, the broad distribution of "postorogenie" magmatic suites through space and time sugge ...
... these "postorogenie" magmatic suites, the critical geodynamic problems related to their genesis remain unanswered. However, the geodynamic and compositional data allow some inferences regarding their origin. First, the broad distribution of "postorogenie" magmatic suites through space and time sugge ...
How do subduction processes contribute to forearc Andean uplift
... ridges being subducted beneath South America. The Carnegie Ridge is subducting beneath Ecuador since at least 1.4 Myrs, but the proposed age for the onset of subduction is disputed and ranges from 1 to 15 Myrs (see Michaud et al., 2009, for review). This ridge being roughly parallel with the converg ...
... ridges being subducted beneath South America. The Carnegie Ridge is subducting beneath Ecuador since at least 1.4 Myrs, but the proposed age for the onset of subduction is disputed and ranges from 1 to 15 Myrs (see Michaud et al., 2009, for review). This ridge being roughly parallel with the converg ...
The Behavior of the Lithosphere on Seismic to Geologic Timescales
... The Earth’s lithosphere responds to the forces imposed on it during, for example, subduction and orogeny and continental breakup and rifting by continuously deforming. The deformation is manifest in geological and geophysical observations such as the structural styles in orogens, the stratigraphic “ ...
... The Earth’s lithosphere responds to the forces imposed on it during, for example, subduction and orogeny and continental breakup and rifting by continuously deforming. The deformation is manifest in geological and geophysical observations such as the structural styles in orogens, the stratigraphic “ ...
Catastrophic Granite Formation Rapid Melting of
... The timescale for the generation of granitic magmas and their subsequent intrusion, crystallization, and cooling as plutons is no longer incompatible with the biblical time frames of the global, year-long Flood cataclysm and of 6,000–7,000 years for earth history. Though partial melting in the lower ...
... The timescale for the generation of granitic magmas and their subsequent intrusion, crystallization, and cooling as plutons is no longer incompatible with the biblical time frames of the global, year-long Flood cataclysm and of 6,000–7,000 years for earth history. Though partial melting in the lower ...
Continent formation through time
... proportion of continental arcs from old to new. However, if microcratons are ignored, as these themselves must have originated as crust formed in a particular setting, then it can be seen that the general dominance of continental arc settings has not changed greatly through time. Extending this diag ...
... proportion of continental arcs from old to new. However, if microcratons are ignored, as these themselves must have originated as crust formed in a particular setting, then it can be seen that the general dominance of continental arc settings has not changed greatly through time. Extending this diag ...
Intracratonic asthenosphere upwelling and lithosphere rejuvenation
... by metasomatic processes. In samples containing 10–12% modal cpx this enrichment is restricted to the lightest (more incompatible) REE, i.e. La and Ce, thus displaying spoonshape patterns with LaN/YbN up to 3, CeN/YbN up to 1.6, and NdN/YbN up 1.2. Samples characterized by lower modal cpx (8–9%), su ...
... by metasomatic processes. In samples containing 10–12% modal cpx this enrichment is restricted to the lightest (more incompatible) REE, i.e. La and Ce, thus displaying spoonshape patterns with LaN/YbN up to 3, CeN/YbN up to 1.6, and NdN/YbN up 1.2. Samples characterized by lower modal cpx (8–9%), su ...
Distinct crustal isostasy trends east and west of the Rocky Mountain
... Constraining continental crust thickness and seismic velocities provides insight into the sources of buoyancy underlying modern topography, the composition of the deep crust, and the processes of continental assembly and deformation. In the largest active orogens crust thickness and elevation are ro ...
... Constraining continental crust thickness and seismic velocities provides insight into the sources of buoyancy underlying modern topography, the composition of the deep crust, and the processes of continental assembly and deformation. In the largest active orogens crust thickness and elevation are ro ...
Chapter 8 - New Zealand Society of Soil Sciences
... the Wairarapa (Chapter 7). The Tararua, Rimutaka and Richmond Ranges form the eastern backbone of the region. As these ranges have been uplifted the country to the west has been tilted downwards leaving a series of basins (Hutt Valley, PoriruaPauatahanui inlet, Moutere depression). The landscape is ...
... the Wairarapa (Chapter 7). The Tararua, Rimutaka and Richmond Ranges form the eastern backbone of the region. As these ranges have been uplifted the country to the west has been tilted downwards leaving a series of basins (Hutt Valley, PoriruaPauatahanui inlet, Moutere depression). The landscape is ...
tectonic models for the geological evolution of crust, cratons and
... Ga zircons in later sediments. The oldest rocks are 3.9-3.8 Ga high-grade gneisses commonly associated with lavas and sediments which were transported into the deep crust. They indicate that mantle recycling was extensive, and that large volumes of surprisingly mature continental crust had formed by ...
... Ga zircons in later sediments. The oldest rocks are 3.9-3.8 Ga high-grade gneisses commonly associated with lavas and sediments which were transported into the deep crust. They indicate that mantle recycling was extensive, and that large volumes of surprisingly mature continental crust had formed by ...
The Dynamic Earth - Betavak-NLT
... A low density, like pumice, or a high density, like basalt Large crystals, especially in intrusive rocks Can contain metal ores A smooth and glassy morphology, like volcanic glass; it solidified so quickly there was no time for crystals to form. Basalt, granite, andesite, pumice and tuff are all exa ...
... A low density, like pumice, or a high density, like basalt Large crystals, especially in intrusive rocks Can contain metal ores A smooth and glassy morphology, like volcanic glass; it solidified so quickly there was no time for crystals to form. Basalt, granite, andesite, pumice and tuff are all exa ...
Two-dimensional simulations of surface deformation caused by slab
... Detachment of the deeper part of subducted lithosphere causes changes in a subduction zone system which may be observed on the Earth’s surface. Constraints on the expected magnitudes of these surface effects can aid in the interpretation of geological observations near convergent plate margins where ...
... Detachment of the deeper part of subducted lithosphere causes changes in a subduction zone system which may be observed on the Earth’s surface. Constraints on the expected magnitudes of these surface effects can aid in the interpretation of geological observations near convergent plate margins where ...
Introduction: Anatomy of rifting: Tectonics and magmatism in
... volcanism. Studies of a wide variety of extensional processes ranging from plate thinning to magma intrusion have helped scientists understand how continents are broken apart to form ocean basins. However, deformation processes vary significantly during the development of continental rifts and midoc ...
... volcanism. Studies of a wide variety of extensional processes ranging from plate thinning to magma intrusion have helped scientists understand how continents are broken apart to form ocean basins. However, deformation processes vary significantly during the development of continental rifts and midoc ...
Metallogenesis of the world`s ocean against the background
... Abstract. This paper presents results of the studies on the metallogenesis of the deep-sea mineral resources and their sedimentary environment. Connections between the structure and evolution of the oceanic crust, with regard to the rules of occurrence and distribution of the ores, have been establi ...
... Abstract. This paper presents results of the studies on the metallogenesis of the deep-sea mineral resources and their sedimentary environment. Connections between the structure and evolution of the oceanic crust, with regard to the rules of occurrence and distribution of the ores, have been establi ...
Non-hotspot volcano chains from small
... source and mixed with K-Na ones, derived from the EM’ source. Eruptions of liquids with the EM signature marked structural reorganizations and temporally changed to those with the EM’ characteristics (Chuvashova et al., 2007). High activity of potassium in the mantle is defined by occurrence of K-be ...
... source and mixed with K-Na ones, derived from the EM’ source. Eruptions of liquids with the EM signature marked structural reorganizations and temporally changed to those with the EM’ characteristics (Chuvashova et al., 2007). High activity of potassium in the mantle is defined by occurrence of K-be ...
The Mantle and its Products
... Because it is impossible to obtain samples of the mantle directly, Earth scientists have to resort to a variety of methods to evaluate both its mineralogy and chemical composition. Using chemical data obtained from meteorites (especially the group of meteorites known as “chondrites”) it is possible ...
... Because it is impossible to obtain samples of the mantle directly, Earth scientists have to resort to a variety of methods to evaluate both its mineralogy and chemical composition. Using chemical data obtained from meteorites (especially the group of meteorites known as “chondrites”) it is possible ...
Viscosity of the asthenosphere from glacial isostatic adjustment and
... [11] The viscosity of the mantle is averaged from the VM2 model [Peltier, 2004], except that the asthenospheric thickness and viscosity are allowed to vary (Figure 2). Asthenospheric thicknesses range from 140 to 380 km. Below the asthenosphere and above the 670-km discontinuity, the mantle viscosit ...
... [11] The viscosity of the mantle is averaged from the VM2 model [Peltier, 2004], except that the asthenospheric thickness and viscosity are allowed to vary (Figure 2). Asthenospheric thicknesses range from 140 to 380 km. Below the asthenosphere and above the 670-km discontinuity, the mantle viscosit ...
- Mineralogical Society of America
... we conceptualize it, the conversion of low-permeability bedrock to regolith generally begins due to the transport of meteoric water into protolith through the large-scale fractures that are present as a result of regional tectonic factors or exhumation (Wyrick and Borchers 1981; Molnar et al. 2007). ...
... we conceptualize it, the conversion of low-permeability bedrock to regolith generally begins due to the transport of meteoric water into protolith through the large-scale fractures that are present as a result of regional tectonic factors or exhumation (Wyrick and Borchers 1981; Molnar et al. 2007). ...
Circulation of the North Atlantic Ocean from altimetry and the Gravity
... synthesize the geoid undulation on a geodetic 20 grid, consistent with the mean sea surface height. The geoid undulation was computed using the geoid synthesis program by Smith [1998] for a reference ellipsoid consistent with the CLS01 mean sea surface. For reference, the CLS01 mean sea surface prod ...
... synthesize the geoid undulation on a geodetic 20 grid, consistent with the mean sea surface height. The geoid undulation was computed using the geoid synthesis program by Smith [1998] for a reference ellipsoid consistent with the CLS01 mean sea surface. For reference, the CLS01 mean sea surface prod ...
Voltage-dependent electron distribution in a small spin valve
... to saturation of the magnon concentration at a high but finite value. The further behavior depends on the parameters of the system. In particular, gradual evolution of the magnon concentration followed by magnetization reversal is possible. Another scenario is the steplike increase of the magnon con ...
... to saturation of the magnon concentration at a high but finite value. The further behavior depends on the parameters of the system. In particular, gradual evolution of the magnon concentration followed by magnetization reversal is possible. Another scenario is the steplike increase of the magnon con ...
Kings Mountain National Military Park Geologic Resources Inventory
... with its partners. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research. This document incorporates preexisting geologic information and does not include new data or additional fieldwork. The battle on the slopes at Kings Mountain was an inspirational victory for American ...
... with its partners. It contains information relevant to resource management and scientific research. This document incorporates preexisting geologic information and does not include new data or additional fieldwork. The battle on the slopes at Kings Mountain was an inspirational victory for American ...
Lithosphere and Asthenosphere
... 3. How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ? 4. If the lithosphere is resting on the asthenosphere and you put a lot of weight on the lithosphere, say ice in a glacier, how would the lithosphere respond? ...
... 3. How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ? 4. If the lithosphere is resting on the asthenosphere and you put a lot of weight on the lithosphere, say ice in a glacier, how would the lithosphere respond? ...
Geomorphology
Geomorphology (from Greek: γῆ, ge, ""earth""; μορφή, morfé, ""form""; and λόγος, logos, ""study"") is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features created by physical or chemical processes operating at or near the earth's surface. Geomorphologists seek to understand why landscapes look the way they do, to understand landform history and dynamics and to predict changes through a combination of field observations, physical experiments and numerical modeling. Geomorphology is practiced within physical geography, geology, geodesy, engineering geology, archaeology and geotechnical engineering. This broad base of interests contributes to many research styles and interests within the field.