Presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 in
... contain immunoreactivity for the GABAergic marker, VGAT. In contrast with GHRH neurons, nearly all of the cell bodies of hypophysiotropic SS neurons in the PVa and in the medial parvicellular subdivision of the PVH express VGLUT2 mRNA and their projections to the ME contain immunoreactivity for VGLU ...
... contain immunoreactivity for the GABAergic marker, VGAT. In contrast with GHRH neurons, nearly all of the cell bodies of hypophysiotropic SS neurons in the PVa and in the medial parvicellular subdivision of the PVH express VGLUT2 mRNA and their projections to the ME contain immunoreactivity for VGLU ...
Distributed Processing of Sensory Information in
... there would be LBIs for dorsal, ventral, and lateral input. A single PD would activate interneuron D, a single PV would activate interneuron V, but interneuron L would be activated only when PV and PD are coactive. In this model, the lateral pattern would result, for example, from inhibition of inte ...
... there would be LBIs for dorsal, ventral, and lateral input. A single PD would activate interneuron D, a single PV would activate interneuron V, but interneuron L would be activated only when PV and PD are coactive. In this model, the lateral pattern would result, for example, from inhibition of inte ...
Hippocampus, hippocampal sclerosis and epilepsy
... Another histological change in HS is the dispersion of dentate gyrus granule cells. Under physiological conditions, the granular layer cross section has 4–5 cells, whereas in more than 40% of HS the width of the granular layer increases and dispersion of cells may be over 10. Since many of the cells ...
... Another histological change in HS is the dispersion of dentate gyrus granule cells. Under physiological conditions, the granular layer cross section has 4–5 cells, whereas in more than 40% of HS the width of the granular layer increases and dispersion of cells may be over 10. Since many of the cells ...
Oral Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Movement Disorders
... premotor and supplementary motor cortices, whereas caudate-originating fibers terminate in the prefrontal cortex. Pallidal output inhibits the excitatory thalamocortical loop. The pallidum, in turn, is inhibited by the neostriatum, thus disinihibiting thalamocortical activity. The key neurotransmitt ...
... premotor and supplementary motor cortices, whereas caudate-originating fibers terminate in the prefrontal cortex. Pallidal output inhibits the excitatory thalamocortical loop. The pallidum, in turn, is inhibited by the neostriatum, thus disinihibiting thalamocortical activity. The key neurotransmitt ...
Questions and Answers From Episode 6
... Answer: Serotonin causes contraction of blood vessels, which can lead to hypertension, and people with hypertension have elevated levels of serotonin in their blood. Furthermore, blood vessels from hypertensive patients are more sensitive to serotonin. 8) What experimental evidence did this physiolo ...
... Answer: Serotonin causes contraction of blood vessels, which can lead to hypertension, and people with hypertension have elevated levels of serotonin in their blood. Furthermore, blood vessels from hypertensive patients are more sensitive to serotonin. 8) What experimental evidence did this physiolo ...
Alterations in Synaptic Strength Preceding Axon Withdrawal
... Motor neurons with cell bodies in the spinal cord have long axons that branch near muscles. Typically, an axon makes a single point of synaptic contact with a skeletal muscle fiber, i.e. the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The process of fusion of synaptic vesicles and release of ACh occurs at differe ...
... Motor neurons with cell bodies in the spinal cord have long axons that branch near muscles. Typically, an axon makes a single point of synaptic contact with a skeletal muscle fiber, i.e. the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). The process of fusion of synaptic vesicles and release of ACh occurs at differe ...
Neuroscience of Addiction Review
... complete 6-hydroxydopamine denervation of the dopamine inputs to the nucleus accumbens fails to alter voluntary responding for ethanol, suggesting that nucleus accumbens dopamine transmission may not be critical for reinforcing actions of ethanol (Koob et al., 1994b). Moreover, manipulations that ch ...
... complete 6-hydroxydopamine denervation of the dopamine inputs to the nucleus accumbens fails to alter voluntary responding for ethanol, suggesting that nucleus accumbens dopamine transmission may not be critical for reinforcing actions of ethanol (Koob et al., 1994b). Moreover, manipulations that ch ...
MS WORD file
... muscle receptor organs (MROs) in the abdomen of crayfish (Eckert, 1961a,b; McCarthy and MacMillan, 1995). The mechanoreceptors in crayfish abdomen MROs transduce a stretch stimulus in the sensory endings, embedded in a muscle, into a graded receptor potential. When potential exceeds a threshold, an ...
... muscle receptor organs (MROs) in the abdomen of crayfish (Eckert, 1961a,b; McCarthy and MacMillan, 1995). The mechanoreceptors in crayfish abdomen MROs transduce a stretch stimulus in the sensory endings, embedded in a muscle, into a graded receptor potential. When potential exceeds a threshold, an ...
Muscle Receptor Organs in the Crayfish Abdomen: A Student
... well as vibratory and anesthetic studies to be the two essential receptor groups needed for proprioception (Burgess et al. for a review, 1982). However, it is notable that there is redundant information gathered by other receptors, such as those in the joints, which are used for fine control of move ...
... well as vibratory and anesthetic studies to be the two essential receptor groups needed for proprioception (Burgess et al. for a review, 1982). However, it is notable that there is redundant information gathered by other receptors, such as those in the joints, which are used for fine control of move ...
Multiplication and stimulus invariance in a looming
... responses in vivo, either at the single cell or at the network level, remain to a large extent unknown. Recent work on an identified neuron in the locust visual system (the LGMD neuron) that responds well to objects looming on a collision course towards the animal suggests that this cell represents a ...
... responses in vivo, either at the single cell or at the network level, remain to a large extent unknown. Recent work on an identified neuron in the locust visual system (the LGMD neuron) that responds well to objects looming on a collision course towards the animal suggests that this cell represents a ...
Reelin and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 in the embryonic and mature
... 348 N. B. Myant Review. Reelin and apoE receptor 2 It is difficult to envisage a guidance system for cortical layering that does not include signals arising from the extracellular environment, as well as those arising from within the cell itself. 5. REELIN AND APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR 2 IN THE ADUL ...
... 348 N. B. Myant Review. Reelin and apoE receptor 2 It is difficult to envisage a guidance system for cortical layering that does not include signals arising from the extracellular environment, as well as those arising from within the cell itself. 5. REELIN AND APOLIPOPROTEIN E RECEPTOR 2 IN THE ADUL ...
Respiratory Centers
... – CO2 easily crosses blood-brain barrier, in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+, central chemoreceptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center – corrected by hyperventilation, pushes reaction to the left by “blowing off ” CO2 CO2 (expired) + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ ...
... – CO2 easily crosses blood-brain barrier, in CSF the CO2 reacts with water and releases H+, central chemoreceptors strongly stimulate inspiratory center – corrected by hyperventilation, pushes reaction to the left by “blowing off ” CO2 CO2 (expired) + H2O H2CO3 HCO3- + H+ ...
Muscarine Hyperpolarizes a Subpopulation of Neurons by Activating
... had a slopeof 1.05 that is not significantly different from unity. pK, was calculated for each concentration of PZP and the correspondingdose ratio (DR) according to the equation: pK,, = log(DR - l), - log[PZP],. The mean pK, calculated from each pK,, (n = 11) was 6.64 + 0.07 (95% confidence limits, ...
... had a slopeof 1.05 that is not significantly different from unity. pK, was calculated for each concentration of PZP and the correspondingdose ratio (DR) according to the equation: pK,, = log(DR - l), - log[PZP],. The mean pK, calculated from each pK,, (n = 11) was 6.64 + 0.07 (95% confidence limits, ...
The Cochlear Nucleus - Neurobiology of Hearing
... The shape of the dendritic arbor can be related to the of connectivity among neurons Complexity of dendrites reflects the number of connections that a neuron receives Cajal ...
... The shape of the dendritic arbor can be related to the of connectivity among neurons Complexity of dendrites reflects the number of connections that a neuron receives Cajal ...
Assisted morphogenesis: glial control of dendrite
... documented [1]. This diversity is in no small part a result of each dendrite’s unique task: to gather information from specific synaptic partners or from the environment, and to transmit this information to the axon. In mammals, dendritic arbors can be highly branched, and individual dendrite branch ...
... documented [1]. This diversity is in no small part a result of each dendrite’s unique task: to gather information from specific synaptic partners or from the environment, and to transmit this information to the axon. In mammals, dendritic arbors can be highly branched, and individual dendrite branch ...
tractus corticomuscularis
... unification and regulation of different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
... unification and regulation of different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
Field effects in the CNS play functional roles
... The functional role of the electrical inhibition is best understood in the context of the extremely short utilization time of the M-cell, as little as 400 μs, which serves to ensure survival by triggering a rapid escape (Catania, 2009). Within this very short interval two important computations must ...
... The functional role of the electrical inhibition is best understood in the context of the extremely short utilization time of the M-cell, as little as 400 μs, which serves to ensure survival by triggering a rapid escape (Catania, 2009). Within this very short interval two important computations must ...
Neuronal oscillations and brain wave dynamics in a LIF model
... This means that a LIF neuron will fire more often when this input is strong than when it is weak, and given a constant input this will lead to oscillatory behavior (figure 3). However, it doesn’t say much about non-constant input. Suppose for instance that neuron X has four input neurons, each with ...
... This means that a LIF neuron will fire more often when this input is strong than when it is weak, and given a constant input this will lead to oscillatory behavior (figure 3). However, it doesn’t say much about non-constant input. Suppose for instance that neuron X has four input neurons, each with ...
workbook - anglické gymnázium brno
... The nervous system gives directions to all the other systems in your body. It also gets information from your senses, and keeps track of how well the different parts of your body are working together. The nervous system is made up of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral ne ...
... The nervous system gives directions to all the other systems in your body. It also gets information from your senses, and keeps track of how well the different parts of your body are working together. The nervous system is made up of two parts: the central nervous system (CNS), and the peripheral ne ...
Chapter 3
... degeneration) occurs; afterward, macrophages phagocytize the remains. Retrograde degeneration of the proximal portion of the fiber extends only to the first neurofibral node. Regeneration follows chromatolysis; synthesis of RNA and protein accelerates, favoring rebuilding of the axon and often takin ...
... degeneration) occurs; afterward, macrophages phagocytize the remains. Retrograde degeneration of the proximal portion of the fiber extends only to the first neurofibral node. Regeneration follows chromatolysis; synthesis of RNA and protein accelerates, favoring rebuilding of the axon and often takin ...
Diet Mind
... good students. Typically they are people-pleasers who seek approval and avoid conflict. They may take care of other people and strive for perfection, but underneath they feel defective and inadequate. They want to be special, to stand out from the mediocre masses. They try to achieve that goal by lo ...
... good students. Typically they are people-pleasers who seek approval and avoid conflict. They may take care of other people and strive for perfection, but underneath they feel defective and inadequate. They want to be special, to stand out from the mediocre masses. They try to achieve that goal by lo ...
The Matrix Protein Hikaru genki Localizes to Cholinergic Synaptic
... Figure 2. Secreted Hig-GFP is captured by the cholinergic synapses. A, Rescue of the hig phenotype by ectopic expression of Hig-GFP. The indicated GAL4 lines were used to drive Hig-GFP expression in cholinergic, glutamatergic, or dopaminergic neurons, or glia, in the hig mutant background. The genot ...
... Figure 2. Secreted Hig-GFP is captured by the cholinergic synapses. A, Rescue of the hig phenotype by ectopic expression of Hig-GFP. The indicated GAL4 lines were used to drive Hig-GFP expression in cholinergic, glutamatergic, or dopaminergic neurons, or glia, in the hig mutant background. The genot ...
Localization of Glycine Neurotransmitter Transporter (GLYT2
... frozen sections revealed caudal-rostrai gradient of GLYT2 distribution with massive accumulation in the spinal cord, brainstem, and less in the cerebellum . Immunereactivity was detected in processes with varicosities but not cell bodies . A correlation was observed between the pattern we obtained a ...
... frozen sections revealed caudal-rostrai gradient of GLYT2 distribution with massive accumulation in the spinal cord, brainstem, and less in the cerebellum . Immunereactivity was detected in processes with varicosities but not cell bodies . A correlation was observed between the pattern we obtained a ...
Modelling fast stimulus-response association learning along the
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
... There appear to be at least two stages in learning SR rules, the first being driven by the instruction and the second driven by actual or possibly mentally simulated practice. The first uses a network of PFC, PM and PPC areas (Ruge and Wolfensteller, 2009; Cole et al, 2010; Brass et al., 2009). The ...
Functional Connectivity during Surround Suppression in
... implant a headpost and a chronic microelectrode array [10] (Fig. 1B) on area V4(Fig. 1A). After recovery, the monkey was seated comfortably in a primate chair (Crist Instruments) and trained to fixate a small spot on a computer monitor in return for a liquid reward. Eye position was monitored at 200 ...
... implant a headpost and a chronic microelectrode array [10] (Fig. 1B) on area V4(Fig. 1A). After recovery, the monkey was seated comfortably in a primate chair (Crist Instruments) and trained to fixate a small spot on a computer monitor in return for a liquid reward. Eye position was monitored at 200 ...