Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... and high Mg÷+ (10 raM). Incubation in 2 tzM reserpine (Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, NJ) (10) for 1-3 h before depolarization in 80 mM K + or in 5 ~M desipramine (Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsiey, NY) (2, 21), 15 rain before and during NE incubation, was used to block the uptake of NE at either the ...
... and high Mg÷+ (10 raM). Incubation in 2 tzM reserpine (Ciba Pharmaceutical Co., Summit, NJ) (10) for 1-3 h before depolarization in 80 mM K + or in 5 ~M desipramine (Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardsiey, NY) (2, 21), 15 rain before and during NE incubation, was used to block the uptake of NE at either the ...
Harding, G. W. and A. L. Towe. 1995. Neuron Response to Direct
... or not at all, to the same stimulus. The simplicity of the response which is obtained near the site of strong surface stimulation, where most neurons may be directly activated, quickly gives way to a more complex pattern of responses as activation spreads upward at and outward from that site (Hardin ...
... or not at all, to the same stimulus. The simplicity of the response which is obtained near the site of strong surface stimulation, where most neurons may be directly activated, quickly gives way to a more complex pattern of responses as activation spreads upward at and outward from that site (Hardin ...
csf analysis in metabolic disorders: indications for lumbar puncture
... This protocol allows cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to be collected for a variety of tests in addition to neurotransmitter analyses minimises the volume of fluid required and is thus suitable for both children and adults. Where there is diurnal variation, CSF should be collected when symptoms are the mos ...
... This protocol allows cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to be collected for a variety of tests in addition to neurotransmitter analyses minimises the volume of fluid required and is thus suitable for both children and adults. Where there is diurnal variation, CSF should be collected when symptoms are the mos ...
Computational physics: Neural networks
... mann Machines [9]. We will study important properties of such networks such as transients, equilibrium, ergodicity and periodicity in section 2.3. An exact description of transient and stationary behavior for stochastic neural networks is not possible in general. In some special cases, however, one ...
... mann Machines [9]. We will study important properties of such networks such as transients, equilibrium, ergodicity and periodicity in section 2.3. An exact description of transient and stationary behavior for stochastic neural networks is not possible in general. In some special cases, however, one ...
Behavioral dopamine signals
... not only sensitive to the expected value of the reward relative to its prediction, but is also sensitive to the time of the predicted reward. A reward that is shifted backwards or forwards in time by 500 ms induces activation at its new time. Depression occurs at the original reward time if the rewa ...
... not only sensitive to the expected value of the reward relative to its prediction, but is also sensitive to the time of the predicted reward. A reward that is shifted backwards or forwards in time by 500 ms induces activation at its new time. Depression occurs at the original reward time if the rewa ...
![[10] P. Paul, J de Belleroche, The role of D-amino acids in](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/022394228_1-c70b74890df8cd7f8a841431fb6562f6-300x300.png)
[10] P. Paul, J de Belleroche, The role of D-amino acids in
... distribution in spinal cord. ASCT2 is found both in glial and neuronal cells. Interestingly, the ...
... distribution in spinal cord. ASCT2 is found both in glial and neuronal cells. Interestingly, the ...
Electrical Synapses in the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Neurons of the TRN readily generated low-threshold spikes and spike bursts after hyperpolarization (Fig. 2 A) (Bal and McCormick, 1993). The relatively slow envelope of depolarization underlying each low-threshold burst evoked a depolarization in coupled postsynaptic neurons, with a magnitude well p ...
... Neurons of the TRN readily generated low-threshold spikes and spike bursts after hyperpolarization (Fig. 2 A) (Bal and McCormick, 1993). The relatively slow envelope of depolarization underlying each low-threshold burst evoked a depolarization in coupled postsynaptic neurons, with a magnitude well p ...
Chapter 06 Abstract Neuron Models
... shape of the cell. SSC dendrites are covered with tiny projections, called dendritic spines, where the majority of excitatory synapses made to the cell are found. (Pyramidal cells also have a rich structure of dendritic spines). Within the broad classification of cells as PCs or SSCs one finds a ric ...
... shape of the cell. SSC dendrites are covered with tiny projections, called dendritic spines, where the majority of excitatory synapses made to the cell are found. (Pyramidal cells also have a rich structure of dendritic spines). Within the broad classification of cells as PCs or SSCs one finds a ric ...
1-Student`s Refexes
... is located within the muscle itself . b) Inverse Stretch Reflex ( Golgi Tendon Organ reflex ) : The receptor is called Golgi Tendon Organ , and is present in the muscle tendon . ...
... is located within the muscle itself . b) Inverse Stretch Reflex ( Golgi Tendon Organ reflex ) : The receptor is called Golgi Tendon Organ , and is present in the muscle tendon . ...
Pacifier Use May Decrease the Risk of SIDS Abstract Introduction
... Me5 provides glutamatergic signaling to Mo5 via its large pseudo-unipolar neurons and GABAergic signaling from its small Me5c neurons (Figure 1) [27,28]. ...
... Me5 provides glutamatergic signaling to Mo5 via its large pseudo-unipolar neurons and GABAergic signaling from its small Me5c neurons (Figure 1) [27,28]. ...
1 The Brain and Behavior
... bodies and two major types of projections or processes: branching dendrites at one end and a long cable-like axon at the other. Using Golgi's technique, Ramón y Cajal was able to stain individual cells, thus showing that nervous tissue is not one continuous web but a network of discrete cells. In th ...
... bodies and two major types of projections or processes: branching dendrites at one end and a long cable-like axon at the other. Using Golgi's technique, Ramón y Cajal was able to stain individual cells, thus showing that nervous tissue is not one continuous web but a network of discrete cells. In th ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
... rectifying K+ (GIRK) channels (Lüscher et al., 1997). It has been suggested that synaptically released GABA from a large number of coactive interneurons must be pooled or accumulated to activate GABAB receptors (Isaacson et al., 1993; Scanziani, 2000). Postsynaptic GABAB receptors also inhibit volt ...
Learning Through Imitation: a Biological Approach to Robotics
... A consistent number of studies has demonstrated that animals are also able to engage in various types of social behavior that involve some form of cooperation and coordination among individuals [6]–[9]. The existence of true imitative behavior in the animal kingdom is still in debate [10]–[12], howe ...
... A consistent number of studies has demonstrated that animals are also able to engage in various types of social behavior that involve some form of cooperation and coordination among individuals [6]–[9]. The existence of true imitative behavior in the animal kingdom is still in debate [10]–[12], howe ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... iv, ipsilateral ventral; cd, contralateral dorsal; cv, contralateral ventral). An RS spike arriving at Segment #20 was recorded by a surface electrode (SE). B, Experimental design for studying the longitudinal functional projections of the RS neurons. The spinal cord was positioned in a chamber and ...
... iv, ipsilateral ventral; cd, contralateral dorsal; cv, contralateral ventral). An RS spike arriving at Segment #20 was recorded by a surface electrode (SE). B, Experimental design for studying the longitudinal functional projections of the RS neurons. The spinal cord was positioned in a chamber and ...
The Nervous System
... Neurons versus Neuroglia • Neural tissue consists of 2 kinds of cells: – Neurons: basic units of the nervous system • All neural functions involve communication of neurons with one another and with other cells – Neuroglia: supporting cells with various functions: ...
... Neurons versus Neuroglia • Neural tissue consists of 2 kinds of cells: – Neurons: basic units of the nervous system • All neural functions involve communication of neurons with one another and with other cells – Neuroglia: supporting cells with various functions: ...
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – PARASYMPATHETIC
... • Stimulates digestive glands • Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract • Decreases heart rate ...
... • Stimulates digestive glands • Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract • Decreases heart rate ...
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM – PARASYMPATHETIC
... • Stimulates digestive glands • Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract • Decreases heart rate • Causes bronchial constriction Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves ...
... • Stimulates digestive glands • Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract • Decreases heart rate • Causes bronchial constriction Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves ...
Mapping Function Onto Neuronal Morphology
... through predetermined spatial regions (1 synapse per 5 m dendrite). Two such regions were specified, one for synapses of each group (termed left and right). These regions were specified as layers, thus a synapse was attached to every 5 m of a dendrite when it was within a pair of z coordinates. A ...
... through predetermined spatial regions (1 synapse per 5 m dendrite). Two such regions were specified, one for synapses of each group (termed left and right). These regions were specified as layers, thus a synapse was attached to every 5 m of a dendrite when it was within a pair of z coordinates. A ...
Recognition by Variance: Learning Rules for Spatiotemporal Patterns
... the remaining possible patterns are termed background patterns. The task is to build a model that recognizes a learned pattern as a familiar one by producing a larger output when presented with it, compared to when presented with a typical background pattern. The model therefore reduces the high di ...
... the remaining possible patterns are termed background patterns. The task is to build a model that recognizes a learned pattern as a familiar one by producing a larger output when presented with it, compared to when presented with a typical background pattern. The model therefore reduces the high di ...
Dopamine`s Actions in Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... firing shows a precise temporal and spatial pattern that can only be created by a circuit of neurons and not by a simple increase in the excitability of a single neuron. For example, a cluster of pyramidal cells all with a preferred direction of 90° will excite each other to maintain firing across t ...
... firing shows a precise temporal and spatial pattern that can only be created by a circuit of neurons and not by a simple increase in the excitability of a single neuron. For example, a cluster of pyramidal cells all with a preferred direction of 90° will excite each other to maintain firing across t ...
The LIM and POU homeobox genes ttx-3 and unc
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
... Transcription factors that drive neuron type-specific terminal differentiation programs in the developing nervous system are often expressed in several distinct neuronal cell types, but to what extent they have similar or distinct activities in individual neuronal cell types is generally not well ex ...
Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in mouse V1
... The large number of cell types in the brain, or within many small regions of the brain, raises the possibility of multiple homeostatic mechanisms operating to maintain distinct levels of activity in different cell types. They may use the same sensor but have different set points, or may instead have ...
... The large number of cell types in the brain, or within many small regions of the brain, raises the possibility of multiple homeostatic mechanisms operating to maintain distinct levels of activity in different cell types. They may use the same sensor but have different set points, or may instead have ...
01-Spinal Reflexes Student`s Copy
... is, the greater is the spread of activity in the spinal cord, involving and recruiting more and more other motor neurons . when the sole of the foot is stimulated by a weak painful stimulus, only the big toe is flexed. A stronger stimulus will cause reflex flexion of the big toe , other toes , plus ...
... is, the greater is the spread of activity in the spinal cord, involving and recruiting more and more other motor neurons . when the sole of the foot is stimulated by a weak painful stimulus, only the big toe is flexed. A stronger stimulus will cause reflex flexion of the big toe , other toes , plus ...
Excitatory and Inhibitory Vestibular Pathways to the Extraocular
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...
... possibly because this order exhibits robust oculomotor performance with eye movements comparable with those observed in mammals (Easter 1972; Pastor et al. 1992; Schairer and Bennett 1986). In the goldfish, neurons within the vestibular complex, notably the anterior, descending, and tangential octav ...