GABA A Receptor
... Ions channels are not suitable for causing prolonged postsynaptic neuronal changes (such as those needed for memory and other prolonged changes) because they close within millisecond Activation of second messenger systems in the postsynaptic neuronal cell itself achieves long term effects The most c ...
... Ions channels are not suitable for causing prolonged postsynaptic neuronal changes (such as those needed for memory and other prolonged changes) because they close within millisecond Activation of second messenger systems in the postsynaptic neuronal cell itself achieves long term effects The most c ...
Passive Transport
... known as passive transport. When energy is needed, the movement is known as active transport. Simple Diffusion ...
... known as passive transport. When energy is needed, the movement is known as active transport. Simple Diffusion ...
Chapter 7 (Nov 12-13)
... movement of dye molecules will cause some to pass through the pores; this will happen more often on the side WATER with more molecules. The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated (called diffusing down a concentration gradient). This leads to a dynamic Net d ...
... movement of dye molecules will cause some to pass through the pores; this will happen more often on the side WATER with more molecules. The dye diffuses from where it is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated (called diffusing down a concentration gradient). This leads to a dynamic Net d ...
2 slides/page - University of San Diego Home Pages
... supply, interfaces with medium (air or water) • Many animals have specialized respiratory organs with large surface areas (to maximize gas exchange): gills (outpocketings, water) or lungs (infolding, air) • Remember the skin is also ...
... supply, interfaces with medium (air or water) • Many animals have specialized respiratory organs with large surface areas (to maximize gas exchange): gills (outpocketings, water) or lungs (infolding, air) • Remember the skin is also ...
Chapter 7
... Isotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solute particles than water compared with another solution ...
... Isotonic: The solution has a lower concentration of solute particles than water compared with another solution ...
the resting membrane potential
... • "Balance" means that the electrical force that acts to move the ions tends to increase until it is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the tendency for net movement of potassium due to diffusion. • This balance point is an "equilibrium potential". • Potassium equilibrium potentials of ...
... • "Balance" means that the electrical force that acts to move the ions tends to increase until it is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction to the tendency for net movement of potassium due to diffusion. • This balance point is an "equilibrium potential". • Potassium equilibrium potentials of ...
Sodium Channels and Nonselective Cation Channels
... What are nonselective cation channels? Obvious answer… However, most NCCs are known for fluxing Ca2+ Mostly due to chemical gradient of Ca outside of cell Still flux Na+, K+ ...
... What are nonselective cation channels? Obvious answer… However, most NCCs are known for fluxing Ca2+ Mostly due to chemical gradient of Ca outside of cell Still flux Na+, K+ ...
Membrane Biophysics and Synaptic Physiology
... and read all assigned papers and come ready to discuss/question papers. In small groups (1-3 people depending on class size) write a brief proposal to use biophysical or physiological methods to address an important (or interesting) question in neuroscience (see handout for details). ...
... and read all assigned papers and come ready to discuss/question papers. In small groups (1-3 people depending on class size) write a brief proposal to use biophysical or physiological methods to address an important (or interesting) question in neuroscience (see handout for details). ...
CHAPTER 4 The Organization of Cells
... Primary Active Transport • Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP • Binding of ATP alters protein configuration allowing binding to substrate on one side of membrane • Hydrolysis of ATP is possible after substrate bound • Hydrolysis of ATP alters configuration of protein to release substrate on opposite ...
... Primary Active Transport • Energy from the hydrolysis of ATP • Binding of ATP alters protein configuration allowing binding to substrate on one side of membrane • Hydrolysis of ATP is possible after substrate bound • Hydrolysis of ATP alters configuration of protein to release substrate on opposite ...
Chapter Outline
... • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
... • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
Action Potential 2
... • If two post-synaptic potentials occur at the same time in different places, or at the same place in rapid succession, their effects add up. • This adding up is called spatial or temporal summation ...
... • If two post-synaptic potentials occur at the same time in different places, or at the same place in rapid succession, their effects add up. • This adding up is called spatial or temporal summation ...
Chapter 2
... – Ions pumps are carrier proteins for charged particles. – Ions moved regularly by active transport include Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ – Ion pumps are specific. – An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions is called an exchange pump. ...
... – Ions pumps are carrier proteins for charged particles. – Ions moved regularly by active transport include Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ – Ion pumps are specific. – An ion pump that moves two ions simultaneously in opposite directions is called an exchange pump. ...
Document
... Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of six antibiotic compounds divided into three categories: gramicidins A, B and C, all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramicidin D are linear pentadecapeptides, that is, they are long p ...
... Gramicidin is a heterogeneous mixture of six antibiotic compounds divided into three categories: gramicidins A, B and C, all of which are obtained from the soil bacterial species Bacillus brevis and called collectively gramicidin D. Gramicidin D are linear pentadecapeptides, that is, they are long p ...
The Neuron & Action Potential
... • AP opens cell membrane to allow sodium (Na+) in • Inside of cell rapidly becomes more positive than outside • This depolarization travels down the axon as leading edge of the AP ...
... • AP opens cell membrane to allow sodium (Na+) in • Inside of cell rapidly becomes more positive than outside • This depolarization travels down the axon as leading edge of the AP ...
The Neuron & Action Potential
... • AP opens cell membrane to allow sodium (Na+) in • Inside of cell rapidly becomes more positive than outside • This depolarization travels down the axon as leading edge of the AP ...
... • AP opens cell membrane to allow sodium (Na+) in • Inside of cell rapidly becomes more positive than outside • This depolarization travels down the axon as leading edge of the AP ...
Lanosterol Biosynthesis in the Membrane Environment
... substrates are part of the membrane. These enzymes must actively influence the structure of the lipid bilayer in order to access, steer, and release their reactants. Among the enzymes specialized in lipidic substrates, is the family of monotopic enzymes. Members of this family permanently reside in ...
... substrates are part of the membrane. These enzymes must actively influence the structure of the lipid bilayer in order to access, steer, and release their reactants. Among the enzymes specialized in lipidic substrates, is the family of monotopic enzymes. Members of this family permanently reside in ...
The CELL MEMBRANE (PLASMA MEMBRANE) as a
... “membrane” at all? Since everything gets through it’s not really a barrier…. Impermeable membranes: Neither water nor solute can move across the membrane. NOTHING gets in or out. This membrane wouldn’t be very useful either, as the cell could neither get nutrients nor dispose of waste…. SEMI-PERMEAB ...
... “membrane” at all? Since everything gets through it’s not really a barrier…. Impermeable membranes: Neither water nor solute can move across the membrane. NOTHING gets in or out. This membrane wouldn’t be very useful either, as the cell could neither get nutrients nor dispose of waste…. SEMI-PERMEAB ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.