Osmolarity and Tonic..
... Equilibrium is when these opposing forces are equal. Now consider what would happen in the above situation if the membrane was changed to one which was freely permeable both to the water and to the ions (sodium & chloride) present. Now none of the particles present has the capacity to exert an osmot ...
... Equilibrium is when these opposing forces are equal. Now consider what would happen in the above situation if the membrane was changed to one which was freely permeable both to the water and to the ions (sodium & chloride) present. Now none of the particles present has the capacity to exert an osmot ...
1 - McGraw-Hill Education
... streptococci near the enamel surface ferment the sugars in plaque to lactic, acetic, and other acids. When these acids are trapped against the tooth surface and etch through it, a dental caries has developed. ...
... streptococci near the enamel surface ferment the sugars in plaque to lactic, acetic, and other acids. When these acids are trapped against the tooth surface and etch through it, a dental caries has developed. ...
E - Colorado Mesa University
... Consider two equipotential surfaces, with V+ positive relative to V- … ...
... Consider two equipotential surfaces, with V+ positive relative to V- … ...
Non- directed synapses
... in the speed of conduction, without a large increase in metabolic cost. • 3. Another way of increasing the speed of conduction is by increasing the temperature. ...
... in the speed of conduction, without a large increase in metabolic cost. • 3. Another way of increasing the speed of conduction is by increasing the temperature. ...
Chapter 5: Homeostasis and Cell Transport PPT
... are not soluble in lipids or are too large (e.g. glucose) to pass through pores in membrane • In facilitated diffusion, a molecule binds to a carrier protein on one side of the cell membrane. • The carrier protein (specific for one type of molecule) then changes its shape and transports the molecule ...
... are not soluble in lipids or are too large (e.g. glucose) to pass through pores in membrane • In facilitated diffusion, a molecule binds to a carrier protein on one side of the cell membrane. • The carrier protein (specific for one type of molecule) then changes its shape and transports the molecule ...
Lecture 02
... However OH- and H3O- have unusual high value This is due to jumping mechanism (Grotthuss mechanism) ...
... However OH- and H3O- have unusual high value This is due to jumping mechanism (Grotthuss mechanism) ...
MembraneStructure
... oligosaccharides with fewer than 15 sugar units. • They may be covalently bonded either to lipids, forming glycolipids, or, more commonly, to proteins, forming glycoproteins. • The oligosaccharides on the external side of the plasma membrane vary from species to species, individual to individual, an ...
... oligosaccharides with fewer than 15 sugar units. • They may be covalently bonded either to lipids, forming glycolipids, or, more commonly, to proteins, forming glycoproteins. • The oligosaccharides on the external side of the plasma membrane vary from species to species, individual to individual, an ...
BUBBLES!!
... 3. Can one bubble divide to become several bubbles? 4. Can several bubbles merge to become one bubble? 5. Can a drop of water pass through a bubble without popping the bubble? 6. A bubble is a lipid monolayer – draw a diagram of a segment of a bubble using this symbol for a lipid ...
... 3. Can one bubble divide to become several bubbles? 4. Can several bubbles merge to become one bubble? 5. Can a drop of water pass through a bubble without popping the bubble? 6. A bubble is a lipid monolayer – draw a diagram of a segment of a bubble using this symbol for a lipid ...
Chapter 11 - next2eden.net
... b. all motor neurons are unipolar neurons c. essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons d. unipolar neurons only function as motor neurons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
... b. all motor neurons are unipolar neurons c. essentially all bipolar neurons are sensory neurons d. unipolar neurons only function as motor neurons Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. ...
ppt - UCSB HEP
... • We argued previously that the electric field must be perpendicular to the surface of a conductor • This is because otherwise the charges on the surface of the conductor would be moving • It then follows that the surface of a conductor is an equipotential ...
... • We argued previously that the electric field must be perpendicular to the surface of a conductor • This is because otherwise the charges on the surface of the conductor would be moving • It then follows that the surface of a conductor is an equipotential ...
PowerPoint to accompany Hole’s Human Anatomy and
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
Lecture 7 – Synaptic Transmission II -
... 5. NMDA receptors are blocked by external Mg2+, which binds to a site within the pore at negative resting potentials. Thus, current carried by AMPA and kainate receptors largely determines EPSP at negative resting potentials. However, during strong synaptic activity, the postsynaptic cell depolarize ...
... 5. NMDA receptors are blocked by external Mg2+, which binds to a site within the pore at negative resting potentials. Thus, current carried by AMPA and kainate receptors largely determines EPSP at negative resting potentials. However, during strong synaptic activity, the postsynaptic cell depolarize ...
The Cell Membrane - Libreria Universo
... Membranes are complex structures composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The cell membrane contains proteins and lipids in a mass ratio of 50:50. An average membrane protein is several times larger than the average lipid molecule, but lipid molecules are ~50 times more numerous than protein ...
... Membranes are complex structures composed of lipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. The cell membrane contains proteins and lipids in a mass ratio of 50:50. An average membrane protein is several times larger than the average lipid molecule, but lipid molecules are ~50 times more numerous than protein ...
chapt10_holes_lecture_animation
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
... • A cell membrane is usually electrically charged, or polarized, so that the inside of the membrane is negatively charged with respect to the outside of the membrane (which is then positively charged). • This is as a result of unequal distribution of ions on the inside and the outside of the membran ...
2.4 cell membrane transport
... The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, especially to water soluble molecules. However, for the cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the cell. There are 4 basic mechanisms: ...
... The phospholipid bilayer is a good barrier around cells, especially to water soluble molecules. However, for the cell to survive some materials need to be able to enter and leave the cell. There are 4 basic mechanisms: ...
EXAM # 1
... Diffraction is the bending of light as it passes through a slit which results in constructive and destructive interference. This is either used to select frequencies from polychromatic light as a Monochromator in UV/vis, IR, fluorescence, etc. It is also the underlying principal in FT-IR, where the ...
... Diffraction is the bending of light as it passes through a slit which results in constructive and destructive interference. This is either used to select frequencies from polychromatic light as a Monochromator in UV/vis, IR, fluorescence, etc. It is also the underlying principal in FT-IR, where the ...
Biology 12 Name: Nervous System Practice Exam Types of Neurons
... a) dendrite b) synapse c) cell body d) axon 11. Considering the direction of the nerve impulse, what is structure Y? a) dendrite b) synapse c) cell body d) axon 12. Considering the direction of the nerve impulse, what type of cell is the second neuron? a) sensory neuron b) motor neuron c) interneuro ...
... a) dendrite b) synapse c) cell body d) axon 11. Considering the direction of the nerve impulse, what is structure Y? a) dendrite b) synapse c) cell body d) axon 12. Considering the direction of the nerve impulse, what type of cell is the second neuron? a) sensory neuron b) motor neuron c) interneuro ...
Membrane potential
Membrane potential (also transmembrane potential or membrane voltage) is the difference in electric potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. With respect to the exterior of the cell, typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.All animal cells are surrounded by a membrane composed of a lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it. The membrane serves as both an insulator and a diffusion barrier to the movement of ions. Ion transporter/pump proteins actively push ions across the membrane and establish concentration gradients across the membrane, and ion channels allow ions to move across the membrane down those concentration gradients. Ion pumps and ion channels are electrically equivalent to a set of batteries and resistors inserted in the membrane, and therefore create a voltage difference between the two sides of the membrane.Virtually all eukaryotic cells (including cells from animals, plants, and fungi) maintain a non-zero transmembrane potential, usually with a negative voltage in the cell interior as compared to the cell exterior ranging from –40 mV to –80 mV. The membrane potential has two basic functions. First, it allows a cell to function as a battery, providing power to operate a variety of ""molecular devices"" embedded in the membrane. Second, in electrically excitable cells such as neurons and muscle cells, it is used for transmitting signals between different parts of a cell. Signals are generated by opening or closing of ion channels at one point in the membrane, producing a local change in the membrane potential. This change in the electric field can be quickly affected by either adjacent or more distant ion channels in the membrane. Those ion channels can then open or close as a result of the potential change, reproducing the signal.In non-excitable cells, and in excitable cells in their baseline states, the membrane potential is held at a relatively stable value, called the resting potential. For neurons, typical values of the resting potential range from –70 to –80 millivolts; that is, the interior of a cell has a negative baseline voltage of a bit less than one-tenth of a volt. The opening and closing of ion channels can induce a departure from the resting potential. This is called a depolarization if the interior voltage becomes less negative (say from –70 mV to –60 mV), or a hyperpolarization if the interior voltage becomes more negative (say from –70 mV to –80 mV). In excitable cells, a sufficiently large depolarization can evoke an action potential, in which the membrane potential changes rapidly and significantly for a short time (on the order of 1 to 100 milliseconds), often reversing its polarity. Action potentials are generated by the activation of certain voltage-gated ion channels.In neurons, the factors that influence the membrane potential are diverse. They include numerous types of ion channels, some of which are chemically gated and some of which are voltage-gated. Because voltage-gated ion channels are controlled by the membrane potential, while the membrane potential itself is influenced by these same ion channels, feedback loops that allow for complex temporal dynamics arise, including oscillations and regenerative events such as action potentials.