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MacNeil, Calum, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Mark P. Johnson, Melanie J
MacNeil, Calum, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Mark P. Johnson, Melanie J

... Parasites may also alter host behavior and hence use of space. For example, nematodes determine the small-scale distribution of their sand-dwelling talitrid amphipod hosts (Poulin and Rate 2001; Poulin and Latham 2002). During field collections in Northern Ireland, the native G. duebeni subsp. celti ...
Department of Biology
Department of Biology

... communities such as cypress domes, wet sawgrass prairie and deepwater sloughs. Participants will see first-hand the ecological problems that beset this part of the country, including water diversion for agriculture, intense urbanization, and the introduction of numerous exotic plants and animals, an ...
Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone`s Northern Range
Ecological Dynamics on Yellowstone`s Northern Range

... Park (YNP) has undergone major changes since Yellowstone, the world’s first national park, was established in 1872. These changes, from little emphasis on wildlife at the time of establishment to a major focus on wildlife today, have accompanied an evolving interest in wildlife by the visiting publi ...
What Science Brings to the Challenge of Recovering Species
What Science Brings to the Challenge of Recovering Species

... Seven species of anadromous Pacific salmonids in the genus Oncorhynchus occur in North America (O. gorbuscha—pink salmon, O. keta—chum salmon, O. tshawytscha—chinook salmon, O. kisutch—coho salmon, O. nerka—sockeye salmon, O. mykiss—steelhead, and O. clarki clarki—coastal cutthroat trout), with geog ...
Threatened Weta recovery plan
Threatened Weta recovery plan

... both within and outside the Department, a draft of this plan was sent to the relevant boards and authorities for comment. After further refinement, this plan was formally approved by the Regional General Manager, Central in December 1998. A review of this plan is due after five years, or sooner if n ...
J. John Sepkoski, Jr.
J. John Sepkoski, Jr.

... hydrodynamic and biogeochemical complexity of the environment as well as the biodiversity of the microbial community (Paerl, 1998). In discussing biological diversity, Norse (1993) considers hierarchical levels that range from genetic to species to ecosystem. Stress appears to decrease community div ...
(Diptera: Culicidae) Within the United States?
(Diptera: Culicidae) Within the United States?

... one that was found in Asia during the 20th century, where Ae. aegypti populations underwent range expansion into locations where Ae. albopictus populations were declining (reviewed in Hawley 1988). The mechanism for displacement in Asia has many hypotheses, although under one scenario, niche differe ...
Draft Management Plan Update
Draft Management Plan Update

... example of a globally-rare inland pitch pine-scrub oak barrens; a locally distinct ecosystem characterized by a sparsely treed grassy shrubland that is adapted to dry conditions and periodic fires. The Albany Pine Bush supports the Karner blue butterfly, a state and federally listed endangered speci ...
Science advice from a risk assessment of five
Science advice from a risk assessment of five

... green, red or orange in colour. Colonies may form a thin flat mats or thick irregular lobes depending on the shape of the substrate. Individual zooids (1 to 2 mm) are arranged in a common gelatinous matrix or tunic. Although self-fertilization is possible, it is thought to be rare due to the timing ...
Blackfordia virginica: The Black Sea Jellyfish
Blackfordia virginica: The Black Sea Jellyfish

... decrease recruitment rates of these important species, which could either cause economic losses for humans directly, or cause a variety of ecosystem changes, depending on the types of species involved. Indeed, past studies of similar invasive ctenophores have been shown to quickly consume up to 80% ...
How do transposable elements work - Zoology, UBC
How do transposable elements work - Zoology, UBC

... Is there anything other than environment that can affect evolution? how do we conduct an effective experiment? How does sustainability relate to evolution theories? Is there a favourable environment in which mutation occurs that allows variations to exist? where did the first cell come from? what is ...
Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior
Parasite Manipulation of Host Behavior

... The idea that a parasite can modify the phenotype of its host, by either taking control of host behavior or changing the host’s appearance, may have first appeared in science fiction stories, but is now a well-established concept in the study of animal behavior. From the first empirical demonstratio ...
Age at Capture - Ministry of Environment
Age at Capture - Ministry of Environment

... Because dispersal strategies vary among species, and are related to their risk of extinction, this behaviour has relevance to conservation of species at risk, especially when their distribution has become fragmented into a multiple local populations. The objective of this study was to appraise exist ...
Ecological flexibility in a disturbed landscape
Ecological flexibility in a disturbed landscape

... depended on smaller home range areas and a focused diet consisting largely of introduced food resources, and correspondingly exhibited lower energy expenditure, while spending more time engaging in rest and social acitivities when compared with the Tsaranoro lemurs. In comparison, L. catta at Tsaran ...
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS ∗ Andrew
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS ∗ Andrew

... by wavelet phase analysis (Grenfell et al. 2001) or in the time domain (Haydon & Greenwood 2000, Cazelles & Stone 2003). We first review the measures of synchrony and later turn to phase synchrony. Given two time series of abundance, two important statistical issues must be considered. The first iss ...
fifty years of food and foraging in moose
fifty years of food and foraging in moose

... environmental conditions change. Like the obligatory specialist, facultative specialists always have a consistently narrow, realized niche for difficult foods during at least 1 spatial or temporal scale such as winter, but because their fundamental niche is broader, they can expand their diet to inc ...
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS∗ Andrew
SPATIAL SYNCHRONY IN POPULATION DYNAMICS∗ Andrew

... by wavelet phase analysis (Grenfell et al. 2001) or in the time domain (Haydon & Greenwood 2000, Cazelles & Stone 2003). We first review the measures of synchrony and later turn to phase synchrony. Given two time series of abundance, two important statistical issues must be considered. The first iss ...
Informing Biodiversity Conservation for the Adelaide and Mount
Informing Biodiversity Conservation for the Adelaide and Mount

... settlement. Vegetation clearance in the region has been extensive and only approximately 13% of the original native vegetation of the region remains, based on current mapping. The AMLR represents a highly fragmented landscape, with isolated remnants of native vegetation embedded in a matrix of urban ...
The Keystone Role of Bison in North American Tallgrass Prairie
The Keystone Role of Bison in North American Tallgrass Prairie

... with deeper soils (and therefore greater soil moisture and plant productivity; Knapp et al. 1993) in burned watersheds become preferred grazing locations as the uplands dry. This preference for burned areas in tallgrass prairie is consistent with postfire responses in mixed grass prairie (Coppock an ...
Dynamics of the aphid-ant mutualism
Dynamics of the aphid-ant mutualism

... Our understanding of how evolution works is always changing. Mutualism was, and is still, defined as an interaction where both parties experience benefits from engaging with each other. In recent decades, traditional explanations of mutualistic interactions have been challenged, perhaps not by a new ...
Stoichiometric Constraints on Resource Use
Stoichiometric Constraints on Resource Use

... 1999). Despite their importance in elemental cycling, decomposers have long been studied as a black box about which little was known regarding its internal structure and dynamics (Tiedje et al. 1999). The explanation for this state of affairs lies at least partly in the technical difficulties of sep ...
The Lowland Grassy Woodland Mosaic
The Lowland Grassy Woodland Mosaic

... subalpine, mountain foothills, dry hillslopes, low hills and plains, and river fringes. This Lowland Woodland Conservation Strategy includes grassy woodland of the low hills and plains and other box woodlands of the mountain foothills and the dry hillslopes where they intergrade with Yellow Box–Red ...
Our Changing Sea - Coastal Marine Ecology and Conservation Lab
Our Changing Sea - Coastal Marine Ecology and Conservation Lab

... in alternative prey species availability has led to recent intensified per capita predator impacts on K. tunicata. Experimental K. tunicata removals in the low intertidal revealed that at high densities, K. tunicata reduced the density of Alaria marginata, by 94% and species richness by 38%, and alt ...
Biotic resistance experienced by an invasive crustacean
Biotic resistance experienced by an invasive crustacean

... One of the most difficult questions facing invasion biologists is: why do exotic species invade some communities and not others? It has been proposed that islands and disturbed habitats are especially prone to invasions because the species-poor native communities lack predators, competitors, and dis ...
Landscape-scale eco-evolutionary dynamics: Selection by seed
Landscape-scale eco-evolutionary dynamics: Selection by seed

... scales (Tinker et al. 1994, Benkman and Siepielski 2004). Serotiny is an excellent candidate for demonstrating widespread and biologically significant effects of evolutionary dynamics on ecosystem structure. Serotiny in lodgepole pine is highly heritable; broad-sense heritability for serotiny is prob ...
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Ecological fitting



Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.
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