![Modeling foundation species in food webs](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/001060913_1-a3a515e1d944ced0551f17165e2590c0-300x300.png)
Modeling foundation species in food webs
... removal’’ simulation for an additional 2,000 timesteps. At t ¼ 4,000, we again calculated the number of species present and the nine additional measures of food web structure (Table 2). Food web metrics (Table 2) were calculated using Network 3D (Williams 2010). For the food web assembly analysis (i ...
... removal’’ simulation for an additional 2,000 timesteps. At t ¼ 4,000, we again calculated the number of species present and the nine additional measures of food web structure (Table 2). Food web metrics (Table 2) were calculated using Network 3D (Williams 2010). For the food web assembly analysis (i ...
From individuals to populations to communities A dynamic energy
... (Kooijman, 2000; Clarke and Fraser, 2004). Such effects are especially important to take into account given that most marine organisms are poikilotherms and hence their internal temperature varies dramatically according to changes in ambient water temperature and metabolic activity. The Arrhenius eq ...
... (Kooijman, 2000; Clarke and Fraser, 2004). Such effects are especially important to take into account given that most marine organisms are poikilotherms and hence their internal temperature varies dramatically according to changes in ambient water temperature and metabolic activity. The Arrhenius eq ...
Consistency of species ranking based on functional leaf traits
... Interannual variation This was examined at Cazarils on the whole set of species except Phillyrea latifolia (an evergreen small tree), which did not produce new leaves at that site in 1999. Harvests were conducted between 19 May and 3 June in 1998 (‘May 98’ hereafter), and between 11 May and 17 June ...
... Interannual variation This was examined at Cazarils on the whole set of species except Phillyrea latifolia (an evergreen small tree), which did not produce new leaves at that site in 1999. Harvests were conducted between 19 May and 3 June in 1998 (‘May 98’ hereafter), and between 11 May and 17 June ...
Scaling up keystone effects from simple to complex
... attributes of complex communities may explain much of the empirically observed variation in keystone effects; and (4) increasing network complexity per se does not inherently make the prediction of strong keystone effects more complicated. Keywords Competition, complexity, food web, interaction stre ...
... attributes of complex communities may explain much of the empirically observed variation in keystone effects; and (4) increasing network complexity per se does not inherently make the prediction of strong keystone effects more complicated. Keywords Competition, complexity, food web, interaction stre ...
Reintroducing captive breed species – the effects
... 2009). The main reason for the low success-rate is the general deterioration that occurs when a species is put into a ―relaxed‖ environment such as a zoo. This meaning that the natural selection that occurs in the wild is put aside since the survival-rate in zoos can be more than ten-fold higher tha ...
... 2009). The main reason for the low success-rate is the general deterioration that occurs when a species is put into a ―relaxed‖ environment such as a zoo. This meaning that the natural selection that occurs in the wild is put aside since the survival-rate in zoos can be more than ten-fold higher tha ...
No Evidence of Enemy Release in Pathogen and Microbial
... The enemy release hypothesis proposes that invasive species become abundant in an introduced range because of the absence of natural enemies such as pathogens and parasites [1,2]. Pathogens and parasites are rarely ubiquitous within any population. Consequently, when an individual or only a few indi ...
... The enemy release hypothesis proposes that invasive species become abundant in an introduced range because of the absence of natural enemies such as pathogens and parasites [1,2]. Pathogens and parasites are rarely ubiquitous within any population. Consequently, when an individual or only a few indi ...
The University of Chicago Press The American Society of Naturalists
... had not acquired comparable advantages. In this regard, it is important to note that individuals can gain competitive ability not only through increased abilities to acquire or efficiently use limiting resources but also through increased resistance to predation, pathogens, disease, or any other sou ...
... had not acquired comparable advantages. In this regard, it is important to note that individuals can gain competitive ability not only through increased abilities to acquire or efficiently use limiting resources but also through increased resistance to predation, pathogens, disease, or any other sou ...
Draft Threatened Species Strategy
... between DOC and Kiwis for kiwi (which represents the non-government kiwi sector) is an example of one of New Zealand’s longest-standing and most successful conservation partnerships. The positive results of this work include the North Island brown kiwi being removed from the threatened species list. ...
... between DOC and Kiwis for kiwi (which represents the non-government kiwi sector) is an example of one of New Zealand’s longest-standing and most successful conservation partnerships. The positive results of this work include the North Island brown kiwi being removed from the threatened species list. ...
Effects of Competition, Predation, and Dispersal on Species
... as they accumulate species (Case 1990; Drake 1991; Tilman 1994). However, in nature, species interact in ways that facilitate, as well as inhibit, one another’s abilities to colonize patches (Amarasekare 2000). For instance, species can have positive effects on local diversity through mutualistic in ...
... as they accumulate species (Case 1990; Drake 1991; Tilman 1994). However, in nature, species interact in ways that facilitate, as well as inhibit, one another’s abilities to colonize patches (Amarasekare 2000). For instance, species can have positive effects on local diversity through mutualistic in ...
natural resource management plan 2002 - 2007
... management procedures may need to be adjusted as their impact upon the biological communities becomes better understood. Cooperation between numerous organizations and agencies will need to be strengthened and expanded. Balancing these many needs and goals against available funding requires that ABN ...
... management procedures may need to be adjusted as their impact upon the biological communities becomes better understood. Cooperation between numerous organizations and agencies will need to be strengthened and expanded. Balancing these many needs and goals against available funding requires that ABN ...
Cultural Keystone Species: Implications for Ecological
... ABSTRACT. Ecologists have long recognized that some species, by virtue of the key roles they play in the overall structure and functioning of an ecosystem, are essential to its integrity; these are known as keystone species. Similarly, in human cultures everywhere, there are plants and animals that ...
... ABSTRACT. Ecologists have long recognized that some species, by virtue of the key roles they play in the overall structure and functioning of an ecosystem, are essential to its integrity; these are known as keystone species. Similarly, in human cultures everywhere, there are plants and animals that ...
Resource Partitioning among Five Agrobiont Spiders of a Rice
... measure in the field. Several studies reported that niche overlap indicates current competition in species and also indicates whether competition was present or absent among these species in the past (Schoener 1974). If resources are not in short supply, 2 organisms can share them without detriment ...
... measure in the field. Several studies reported that niche overlap indicates current competition in species and also indicates whether competition was present or absent among these species in the past (Schoener 1974). If resources are not in short supply, 2 organisms can share them without detriment ...
Red King Crab (Paralithodes camtschaticus) - GB non
... anoxic sediments in some areas due to the loss of sedimentary organisms. Economic (moderate) In Norway P. camtschaticus preys on commercial scallops, mussels and other shellfish, and on the eggs of commercial fish species. Impact on fishing and aquaculture by damaging fishing gear and filling ne ...
... anoxic sediments in some areas due to the loss of sedimentary organisms. Economic (moderate) In Norway P. camtschaticus preys on commercial scallops, mussels and other shellfish, and on the eggs of commercial fish species. Impact on fishing and aquaculture by damaging fishing gear and filling ne ...
A Comparison of Pollinator Landings on Lantana camara with Three
... Mimosa pudica each have inflorescence of multiple flowers while the inflorescence of Catharanthus roseus consists of a single flower. Pollinators may visit any inflorescence multiple times because there are multiple flowers. It makes sense for future studies to count landings per individual flower r ...
... Mimosa pudica each have inflorescence of multiple flowers while the inflorescence of Catharanthus roseus consists of a single flower. Pollinators may visit any inflorescence multiple times because there are multiple flowers. It makes sense for future studies to count landings per individual flower r ...
Regional and local impact on species diversity – from pattern to
... variety of organisms. These results were independent of the size of the local community, which comprised either 1% or 10% of the 250,000 km2 regional squares. However, even the lower marginal of these two local assemblages covered an area on which animals or plants do not ...
... variety of organisms. These results were independent of the size of the local community, which comprised either 1% or 10% of the 250,000 km2 regional squares. However, even the lower marginal of these two local assemblages covered an area on which animals or plants do not ...
Effects of species diversity on the primary productivity of ecosystems
... case II). During this successional period, we did not allow any new species to colonize a patch; thus, all changes in biomass resulted from local processes of growth and species interactions. This is comparable to how empirical work has been performed in the past, where experimental plots of vegetat ...
... case II). During this successional period, we did not allow any new species to colonize a patch; thus, all changes in biomass resulted from local processes of growth and species interactions. This is comparable to how empirical work has been performed in the past, where experimental plots of vegetat ...
evaluating perennial candidates for domestication
... wide hybrids between Helianthus tuberosus and the crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus) followed by using the annual (diploid or tetraploid lines) as the recurrent parent. Two of us (Van Tassel and Cox) have attempted to select for stable amphiploids from among the progeny of intermated wide hybrids be ...
... wide hybrids between Helianthus tuberosus and the crop sunflower (Helianthus annuus) followed by using the annual (diploid or tetraploid lines) as the recurrent parent. Two of us (Van Tassel and Cox) have attempted to select for stable amphiploids from among the progeny of intermated wide hybrids be ...
Chapter 53 - Community Ecology Powerpoint
... • Ecologists call relationships between species in a community interspecific interactions • Examples are competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) • Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects c ...
... • Ecologists call relationships between species in a community interspecific interactions • Examples are competition, predation, herbivory, and symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism) • Interspecific interactions can affect the survival and reproduction of each species, and the effects c ...
Factors Influencing Biodiversity and Distributional Gradients in
... fourteen orders. Two families are exclusively mangrove, and there are no orders or higher ranks with all mangrove taxa (Duke, 1992). For the Rhizophoraceae, often referred to as the 'true mangrove' family, only four of its sixteen genera inhabit mangroves. Generally, these families are more commonly ...
... fourteen orders. Two families are exclusively mangrove, and there are no orders or higher ranks with all mangrove taxa (Duke, 1992). For the Rhizophoraceae, often referred to as the 'true mangrove' family, only four of its sixteen genera inhabit mangroves. Generally, these families are more commonly ...
ABSTRACTS - POPBIO is a conference
... ensity, size and quality of suitable habitat patches are expected to decrease both towards species range margins and along climatic gradients. These changes in habitat availability towards range margins are expected to a) reduce population’s demographic performance as expressed in density and reprod ...
... ensity, size and quality of suitable habitat patches are expected to decrease both towards species range margins and along climatic gradients. These changes in habitat availability towards range margins are expected to a) reduce population’s demographic performance as expressed in density and reprod ...
Using trait-based ecology to restore resilient ecosystems
... Rather than restoring historical assemblages that may not survive the changing environmental conditions, a more general approach has recently emerged that emphasizes achieving functional objectives to restore resilient ecosystems (Hobbs & Cramer 2008; Seastedt et al. 2008; Jackson & Hobbs 2009). Eco ...
... Rather than restoring historical assemblages that may not survive the changing environmental conditions, a more general approach has recently emerged that emphasizes achieving functional objectives to restore resilient ecosystems (Hobbs & Cramer 2008; Seastedt et al. 2008; Jackson & Hobbs 2009). Eco ...
Habitat filtering and niche differentiation jointly explain
... species coexistence by reducing the required strength of stabilizing factors, such as ND (Chesson, 2000; Carroll et al., 2011). Species coexistence might also be favored if species present some trait dissimilarity to avoid competitive exclusion (MacArthur & Levins, 1967; Pacala & Tilman, 1994). ND, ...
... species coexistence by reducing the required strength of stabilizing factors, such as ND (Chesson, 2000; Carroll et al., 2011). Species coexistence might also be favored if species present some trait dissimilarity to avoid competitive exclusion (MacArthur & Levins, 1967; Pacala & Tilman, 1994). ND, ...
ecosystem stability
... • Fitness = a measure of reproductive success • If all individuals are variable • And populations produce large numbers of offspring without increase in population size • And resources are limited • And traits are heritable ...
... • Fitness = a measure of reproductive success • If all individuals are variable • And populations produce large numbers of offspring without increase in population size • And resources are limited • And traits are heritable ...
Dispersal Rates Affect Species Composition in Metacommunities of
... increasing the average local abundances of many component species (table 1; fig. 2D). However, increased dispersal rates had no effect on local diversity when Wyeomyia smithii was present, which may have resulted from the direct affect of predation on extinction rates or the success of invasion (Shu ...
... increasing the average local abundances of many component species (table 1; fig. 2D). However, increased dispersal rates had no effect on local diversity when Wyeomyia smithii was present, which may have resulted from the direct affect of predation on extinction rates or the success of invasion (Shu ...
Hydrological niches in terrestrial plant communities: A review
... plants (or seeds) that are resistant to drought are "stored" over periods that are too dry ...
... plants (or seeds) that are resistant to drought are "stored" over periods that are too dry ...
Introduced species
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Melilotus_alba_bgiu.jpg?width=300)
An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity, either deliberate or accidental. Non-native species can have various effects on the local ecosystem. Introduced species that become established and spread beyond the place of introduction are called invasive species. Some have a negative effect on a local ecosystem. Some introduced species may have no negative effect or only minor impact. Some species have been introduced intentionally to combat pests. They are called biocontrols and may be regarded as beneficial as an alternative to pesticides in agriculture for example. In some instances the potential for being beneficial or detrimental in the long run remains unknown. A list of some introduced species is given in a separate article.The effects of introduced species on natural environments have gained much scrutiny from scientists, governments, farmers and others.