Update on models of basal ganglia function and dysfunction
... neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirect pathways receive inputs from distinct groups of cortical neurons [18], but these results are difficult to reconcile with p ...
... neurons express D1-family dopamine receptors, while indirect pathway neurons express D2-family receptors [17]. Studies in rodents have also suggested that the direct and indirect pathways receive inputs from distinct groups of cortical neurons [18], but these results are difficult to reconcile with p ...
Severe Reduction of Rat Defensive Behavior to a Predator by
... kg). The other five animals served as controls; they were handled in the same way, but were not exposed to a cat. Experiments were performed between 0900 and 1100 h. One hour after the test, each animal was deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, IP) and perfused transcardially with ...
... kg). The other five animals served as controls; they were handled in the same way, but were not exposed to a cat. Experiments were performed between 0900 and 1100 h. One hour after the test, each animal was deeply anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, IP) and perfused transcardially with ...
input output - Brian Nils Lundstrom
... “The Response of Single Neurons to Varying Stimulus Statistics” by Brian Lundstrom Three types of steady state neuron responses First, we considered the case when the time-varying stimuli had steady state stimulus statistics, that is, how action potential generation depended on the stimulus’s stati ...
... “The Response of Single Neurons to Varying Stimulus Statistics” by Brian Lundstrom Three types of steady state neuron responses First, we considered the case when the time-varying stimuli had steady state stimulus statistics, that is, how action potential generation depended on the stimulus’s stati ...
Antiprotozoal drugs
... P. vivax und P. ovale • They leave hypnozoites in the liver • The disease might get reactivated after months or years • Hypnozoites have to be treated with special medication ...
... P. vivax und P. ovale • They leave hypnozoites in the liver • The disease might get reactivated after months or years • Hypnozoites have to be treated with special medication ...
Multiple hypothalamic circuits sense and regulate glucose levels
... appear to be the opposite of those of orexin/hypocretin cells. In mice, knockout of MCH increases energy expenditure and reduces body weight (88), and these characteristics are also seen in animals lacking the MCH receptor -1 (MCH1R) (57). Central injection of MCH in rats increases the quantities of ...
... appear to be the opposite of those of orexin/hypocretin cells. In mice, knockout of MCH increases energy expenditure and reduces body weight (88), and these characteristics are also seen in animals lacking the MCH receptor -1 (MCH1R) (57). Central injection of MCH in rats increases the quantities of ...
Ochsner
... bottom-up recognition of social and emotional cues, the second involving the use of top-down processes to draw mental state inferences— are most ready for translational work. Key Words: Amygdala, cingulate cortex, cognitive neuroscience, emotion, prefrontal cortex, schizophrenia, social cognition, t ...
... bottom-up recognition of social and emotional cues, the second involving the use of top-down processes to draw mental state inferences— are most ready for translational work. Key Words: Amygdala, cingulate cortex, cognitive neuroscience, emotion, prefrontal cortex, schizophrenia, social cognition, t ...
Conversion of Mouse and Human Fibroblasts into Functional Spinal
... transit through a proliferative neural progenitor state, and thus form bona fide motor neurons via a route distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
... transit through a proliferative neural progenitor state, and thus form bona fide motor neurons via a route distinct from embryonic development. Our findings demonstrate that fibroblasts can be converted directly into a specific differentiated and functional neural subtype, the spinal motor neuron. ...
Descending Tracts
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
... It receives projection fibers from the globus pallidus of the basal ganglia, and gives origin to two descending extrapyramidal tracts: •The lateral tectospinal tract: Originates from the superior colliculus (the center of visual reflexes), crosses to the opposite side and terminates in the cervical ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... adult life and characterized by perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain parenchyma. The etiology of MS is not yet fully elucidated, but immunological mechanisms are crucial in the initiation and progression of the disease. Activation of autoreactive brain antigen-spec ...
... adult life and characterized by perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages into the brain parenchyma. The etiology of MS is not yet fully elucidated, but immunological mechanisms are crucial in the initiation and progression of the disease. Activation of autoreactive brain antigen-spec ...
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Cardiovascular
... importance of genetics in CVD has been examined in many family and twin studies where heritability estimates for atherosclerosis have been large in most studies, frequently exceeding 50%. While the role of conventional risk factors in CVD is generally accepted, it is also likely that there are genet ...
... importance of genetics in CVD has been examined in many family and twin studies where heritability estimates for atherosclerosis have been large in most studies, frequently exceeding 50%. While the role of conventional risk factors in CVD is generally accepted, it is also likely that there are genet ...
Pharmacology of Pituitary and Hypothalamic Hormones
... growth hormone (rh-GH) is used clinically. There are two forms, somatotropin and somatrem. dwarfism – in children with insufficient GH secretion, GH will generally produce an increased growth rate over several years. Recently, FDA approved use in children with idiopathic, non-GH-deficient ...
... growth hormone (rh-GH) is used clinically. There are two forms, somatotropin and somatrem. dwarfism – in children with insufficient GH secretion, GH will generally produce an increased growth rate over several years. Recently, FDA approved use in children with idiopathic, non-GH-deficient ...
A unifying view of the basis of social cognition
... these separate elements produces the neural input to a central conceptual system that will interpret and assign meaning to the visual representation (e.g. see Fodor [1,2]). In recent years, a different proposal has been advanced on how others’ actions can be understood. This proposal is mostly based ...
... these separate elements produces the neural input to a central conceptual system that will interpret and assign meaning to the visual representation (e.g. see Fodor [1,2]). In recent years, a different proposal has been advanced on how others’ actions can be understood. This proposal is mostly based ...
Further Cognitive Science
... Ward, K., (2008), Materialism and its Discontents, “I remember the occasion when materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of min ...
... Ward, K., (2008), Materialism and its Discontents, “I remember the occasion when materialism first hit the world of Oxford philosophy … I was sitting in one of Gilbert Ryle's seminars in 1963 when a visiting Australian scholar, David Armstrong, presented a paper defending a materialist theory of min ...
Sensory experience and the formation of a computational map of
... widely separated in space, time, or both. These effects appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory recep ...
... widely separated in space, time, or both. These effects appear to increase the salience of stimuli that activate more than one sense organ, making them easier to detect and localize. Because multisensory facilitation in SC neurons is observed only when each stimulus falls within its excitatory recep ...
CD - Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas
... Chemical Cross-linking (e.g. with a bifunctional reagents such as DSS): - aggregation state of the protein, overall shape and volume Circular Dichroism: - far UV region: secondary (and tertiary) structure - near UV region: tertiary structure - ligand-induced bands: features of the binding site Fluor ...
... Chemical Cross-linking (e.g. with a bifunctional reagents such as DSS): - aggregation state of the protein, overall shape and volume Circular Dichroism: - far UV region: secondary (and tertiary) structure - near UV region: tertiary structure - ligand-induced bands: features of the binding site Fluor ...
Role of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis in the control
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
... anxiogenic stimuli. We will focus here on the function of BST in brain reward circuitry, particularly in terms of its connectivity with the mesolimbic DA system, and the major role it plays in modulating DA neuronal activity. We refer also to an excellent review for studies on the role of BST in the ...
embryonic development of the leech nervous system
... different peripheral axon branching patterns, and different receptive field territories in the skin. The embryonic P neurons also have distinct and reproducible locations in the CNS and have been studied with recording and dye-filled microelectrodes from the time the first growth cones are projected ...
... different peripheral axon branching patterns, and different receptive field territories in the skin. The embryonic P neurons also have distinct and reproducible locations in the CNS and have been studied with recording and dye-filled microelectrodes from the time the first growth cones are projected ...
Developmental Changes Revealed by Immunohistochemical
... Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein of the cytoskeleton known to be present early in development in primitive neuroepithelial cells and radial glia (Sasaki et al, 1988; Bignami and Dahl, 1989; Stagaard and M0llgard, 1989; Sarnat, 1992). GFAP, a different intermediate filament protein, is we ...
... Vimentin is an intermediate filament protein of the cytoskeleton known to be present early in development in primitive neuroepithelial cells and radial glia (Sasaki et al, 1988; Bignami and Dahl, 1989; Stagaard and M0llgard, 1989; Sarnat, 1992). GFAP, a different intermediate filament protein, is we ...
Cell Surface Molecules Containing IV
... Intracellular dye injections in vitro. Neurons in layer 4 of the cat visual cortex were stained with Lucifer yellow by intracellular injections. They were subsequently labeled with fluorescent VVA lectin as described in the following section and double-labeled neurons were identified. Nine cats were ...
... Intracellular dye injections in vitro. Neurons in layer 4 of the cat visual cortex were stained with Lucifer yellow by intracellular injections. They were subsequently labeled with fluorescent VVA lectin as described in the following section and double-labeled neurons were identified. Nine cats were ...
Ch. 13 Nervous System Cells Textbook
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
... to changes that may occur in either the internal or external environment. The nervous and endocrine systems provide this capability. Information originating in sensory nerve endings found in complex special sense organs such as the eye and in simple receptors located in skin or other body tissues pr ...
Dynamics of Spontaneous Activity in Neocortical Slices
... impractical, so we created a series of tests specifically designed for low-spike data (see Experimental Procedures) (Schwartz et al., 1998). These tests estimate how likely coactivations might be explained by chance by using Monte Carlo simulations of the data to create a distribution of random coac ...
... impractical, so we created a series of tests specifically designed for low-spike data (see Experimental Procedures) (Schwartz et al., 1998). These tests estimate how likely coactivations might be explained by chance by using Monte Carlo simulations of the data to create a distribution of random coac ...
Reflexes
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
... The flexor reflex is ipsilateral. Incoming and outgoing impulses are on the same side of the spinal cord. The flexor reflex illustrates another feature of polysynaptic reflex arc. When you withdraw the limb from a painful stimulus, more than one muscle is involved. Several motor neurons simultaneous ...
1 - Projeto Andar de Novo
... specific way and after 10-20 minutes of cell contact the protein is internalized and accumulates in endocytic organelles. Co-localization studies with markers of subcellular organelles indicated that fluorescent STI-1 is internalized to flotillin-1 positive vesicles and is then found in Rab7 positiv ...
... specific way and after 10-20 minutes of cell contact the protein is internalized and accumulates in endocytic organelles. Co-localization studies with markers of subcellular organelles indicated that fluorescent STI-1 is internalized to flotillin-1 positive vesicles and is then found in Rab7 positiv ...
Clinical neurochemistry
Clinical neurochemistry is the field of neurological biochemistry which relates biochemical phenomena to clinical symptomatic manifestations in humans. While neurochemistry is mostly associated with the effects of neurotransmitters and similarly-functioning chemicals on neurons themselves, clinical neurochemistry relates these phenomena to system-wide symptoms. Clinical neurochemistry is related to neurogenesis, neuromodulation, neuroplasticity, neuroendocrinology, and neuroimmunology in the context of associating neurological findings at both lower and higher level organismal functions.