4.3 Succession File
... Bees help flowers reproduce by spreading pollen. The bees benefit by getting energy-rich pollen. What type of symbiosis is this? ...
... Bees help flowers reproduce by spreading pollen. The bees benefit by getting energy-rich pollen. What type of symbiosis is this? ...
Marine Ecology Progress Series 510:241
... density, which, in turn, may influence blooming potential. We studied 11 scyphistoma species in 6 combinations of temperature and food supply to test the effects of these factors on asexual reproduction strategies and reproduction rates. Temperature and food availability increased reproduction rates ...
... density, which, in turn, may influence blooming potential. We studied 11 scyphistoma species in 6 combinations of temperature and food supply to test the effects of these factors on asexual reproduction strategies and reproduction rates. Temperature and food availability increased reproduction rates ...
Mechanical vulnerability explains sizedependent mortality of reef
... categorised as ‘gone,’ if the exact position formerly occupied by the colony could be ascertained (implying that the colony was dislodged). The exact position of a total of 14 colonies were not identified over the course of the study, due mainly to substantial community change in the colony’s vicini ...
... categorised as ‘gone,’ if the exact position formerly occupied by the colony could be ascertained (implying that the colony was dislodged). The exact position of a total of 14 colonies were not identified over the course of the study, due mainly to substantial community change in the colony’s vicini ...
Branches in the lines of descent: Charles
... species in the great battle for life. The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all e ...
... species in the great battle for life. The limbs divided into great branches, and these into lesser and lesser branches, were themselves once, when the tree was small, budding twigs; and this connexion of the former and present buds by ramifying branches may well represent the classification of all e ...
Population structure of Scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) and its
... only to determine types and levels of control, but also to target the life-stage of the weed that might be most vulnerable to a given control method. Age and size class structures are good indicators of the health of plant populations, specifically regeneration patterns12. In stable populations, the ...
... only to determine types and levels of control, but also to target the life-stage of the weed that might be most vulnerable to a given control method. Age and size class structures are good indicators of the health of plant populations, specifically regeneration patterns12. In stable populations, the ...
Interspecific Abundance-Range Size Relationships
... over areas that embrace all, or a very large proportion, of the extents of the geographical ranges of the species concerned (e.g. most studies performed at continental or oceanic scales). Second, there are those performed over areas that embrace the entire geographical ranges of none, or only a smal ...
... over areas that embrace all, or a very large proportion, of the extents of the geographical ranges of the species concerned (e.g. most studies performed at continental or oceanic scales). Second, there are those performed over areas that embrace the entire geographical ranges of none, or only a smal ...
The Ecological Significance of the Herbaceous Layer in
... the field. The numerous field methods employed by vegetation scientists typically vary with vegetation type. For example, methods used in grasslands generally contrast sharply with those used in forests because of the differences in the physiognomy (i.e., size and height) of the dominant vegetation. ...
... the field. The numerous field methods employed by vegetation scientists typically vary with vegetation type. For example, methods used in grasslands generally contrast sharply with those used in forests because of the differences in the physiognomy (i.e., size and height) of the dominant vegetation. ...
Three selected ecological observations interpreted in
... structure through increase in root biomass (reserves). If nutrient uptake is low as under nutrients limitation, plants increase exergy storage by increasing root biomass (reserves). The reason is they increase leaf biomass, and consequently the exergy capture (positive feedback) that would not be re ...
... structure through increase in root biomass (reserves). If nutrient uptake is low as under nutrients limitation, plants increase exergy storage by increasing root biomass (reserves). The reason is they increase leaf biomass, and consequently the exergy capture (positive feedback) that would not be re ...
The Distribution, Abundance And Ecological Impacts Of Invasive
... Lawrence Mwendwa and Lydia kalondu for having to endure my long time of moral absence. Your love and support has made me accomplish this work; I will always be indebted to you. ...
... Lawrence Mwendwa and Lydia kalondu for having to endure my long time of moral absence. Your love and support has made me accomplish this work; I will always be indebted to you. ...
Biomes, Ecosystems, and Communities Worksheets
... Oceanic biomes occur in the open ocean beyond the continental shelf. There are lower concentrations of dissolved nutrients away from shore, so the oceanic zone has a lower density of organisms than the neritic zone. The oceanic zone is divided into additional zones based on water depth. • The epipel ...
... Oceanic biomes occur in the open ocean beyond the continental shelf. There are lower concentrations of dissolved nutrients away from shore, so the oceanic zone has a lower density of organisms than the neritic zone. The oceanic zone is divided into additional zones based on water depth. • The epipel ...
Biodiversity in intensive grasslands
... reseeding will not be considered in this paper devoted to intensive permanent grasslands, but it is clear that they significantly modify plant and even other species diversity. Even in intensive grasslands, pesticides are applied less (frequency and amounts) than in cultivated fields. Most of the pe ...
... reseeding will not be considered in this paper devoted to intensive permanent grasslands, but it is clear that they significantly modify plant and even other species diversity. Even in intensive grasslands, pesticides are applied less (frequency and amounts) than in cultivated fields. Most of the pe ...
Tree species Diversity and Regeneration of Tropical Dry Forests in
... maximum value of two. By these criteria, 49% of the vegetation of Central America (an area extending from Guatemala to Panama) and the Caribbean (an area extending from Cuba to Grenada) is considered as dry forest (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). Tropical dry forests experience long dry season (4 – 8 months) ...
... maximum value of two. By these criteria, 49% of the vegetation of Central America (an area extending from Guatemala to Panama) and the Caribbean (an area extending from Cuba to Grenada) is considered as dry forest (Murphy & Lugo, 1995). Tropical dry forests experience long dry season (4 – 8 months) ...
assessment
... habitats or in small aggregations in more favourable areas. Like all hyriid mussels, these are omnivorous filter feeders. Water is drawn in via the inhalant siphon, particles of plankton and detritus are trapped by ciliated gills (ctenidia) and passed to the mouth and waste material is expelled as m ...
... habitats or in small aggregations in more favourable areas. Like all hyriid mussels, these are omnivorous filter feeders. Water is drawn in via the inhalant siphon, particles of plankton and detritus are trapped by ciliated gills (ctenidia) and passed to the mouth and waste material is expelled as m ...
Asian Elephant - Running Wild Live
... molar teeth grind up food, and rumbling calls – too low for human ears – allow long distance communication. Meet the family The elephant is the largest living land mammal. Two species exist in Africa and one in Asia. A male Asian is 8m from trunk to tail, stands 3m at the shoulder and weighs five to ...
... molar teeth grind up food, and rumbling calls – too low for human ears – allow long distance communication. Meet the family The elephant is the largest living land mammal. Two species exist in Africa and one in Asia. A male Asian is 8m from trunk to tail, stands 3m at the shoulder and weighs five to ...
Ecology of Vertebrate Animals in Relation to Chaparral Fire in the
... One year's transect record, taken in June 1954, forms the single sample of the undisturbed chaparral vegetation before controlled burn. Regrowth and change in plant cover was then recorded in the following 3 years of transect data. Plant species were recorded after pacing 5 m distance along the 1-m ...
... One year's transect record, taken in June 1954, forms the single sample of the undisturbed chaparral vegetation before controlled burn. Regrowth and change in plant cover was then recorded in the following 3 years of transect data. Plant species were recorded after pacing 5 m distance along the 1-m ...
An Analysis of Persistence, Resilience, and the Conservation of
... functioning ofan ecosystem. Consequently, in the rest ofthis paper, we abstract from the remaining (n -m) species and we focus on these m keystone species. The reader should note that all subsequent references to species are to these m keystone species. Economic activities such as fishing, grazing, ...
... functioning ofan ecosystem. Consequently, in the rest ofthis paper, we abstract from the remaining (n -m) species and we focus on these m keystone species. The reader should note that all subsequent references to species are to these m keystone species. Economic activities such as fishing, grazing, ...
25 4. RESEARCH ARTICLE OIL PALM EXPANSION
... Land use change has long been recognized as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity loss throughout the world (Fahrig 2003, Rands et al. 2010, MacDougall et al. 2013). Human dominated landscapes in tropical realms, generally made up of isolated old-growth forest remnants surrounded by an agricult ...
... Land use change has long been recognized as one of the leading drivers of biodiversity loss throughout the world (Fahrig 2003, Rands et al. 2010, MacDougall et al. 2013). Human dominated landscapes in tropical realms, generally made up of isolated old-growth forest remnants surrounded by an agricult ...
9-12 - Wave Foundation
... in genetic variations within these individuals. Penguins are among the most social species of bird. All 18 species live in large groups, or rookeries, that may include thousands of individuals. These large groups allow penguins to survive in the harshest environments as they huddle to stay warm. Lar ...
... in genetic variations within these individuals. Penguins are among the most social species of bird. All 18 species live in large groups, or rookeries, that may include thousands of individuals. These large groups allow penguins to survive in the harshest environments as they huddle to stay warm. Lar ...
Ecological communities in variable environments : dynamics
... In multi-species communities, each species has its specific response to environmental stochasticity. Species-specific environmental responses can be either independent (IR), uniformly correlated (CR), or hierarchically correlated (HR) between species. IR refers to a situation where each species resp ...
... In multi-species communities, each species has its specific response to environmental stochasticity. Species-specific environmental responses can be either independent (IR), uniformly correlated (CR), or hierarchically correlated (HR) between species. IR refers to a situation where each species resp ...
Reptile assemblages across agricultural landscapes
... to the reduction and fragmentation of natural habitats and to the consequent loss of biodiversity. Herpetofauna is seriously threatened by agriculture intensification worldwide, but less is known about its distribution in agro–ecosystems, especially at field scale. We analysed reptile abundance and ...
... to the reduction and fragmentation of natural habitats and to the consequent loss of biodiversity. Herpetofauna is seriously threatened by agriculture intensification worldwide, but less is known about its distribution in agro–ecosystems, especially at field scale. We analysed reptile abundance and ...
NotesChapter7
... A metapopulation is made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or subpopulations) that are linked by migration (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Wikipedia Contributors 2006b). It may be described as a ‘population of populations’ with two levels of ...
... A metapopulation is made up of a number of spatially separated, extinction-prone local populations (or subpopulations) that are linked by migration (Groombridge 1992, Barbault & Sastrapradja 1995, Wikipedia Contributors 2006b). It may be described as a ‘population of populations’ with two levels of ...
Indirect interactions among tropical tree species through shared
... 1970) in a true graded continuum (Ali & Agrawal 2012). In tropical forests, an important part of seed and seedling mortality appears to be caused by such shared enemies which eat seeds or fruits of a whole group of tree species with similar size, texture and internal structure (Holt 1997). For examp ...
... 1970) in a true graded continuum (Ali & Agrawal 2012). In tropical forests, an important part of seed and seedling mortality appears to be caused by such shared enemies which eat seeds or fruits of a whole group of tree species with similar size, texture and internal structure (Holt 1997). For examp ...
USE OF SPATIAL FEATURES BY FORAGING INSECTIVOROUS
... We analyzed the patterns of habitat use by insectivorous bats in Mexico City, one of the largest and most populated cities of the world. We tested the hypotheses that richer patches of food, expected in more vegetated areas, have higher bat activity levels, and that fast-flying species benefit most ...
... We analyzed the patterns of habitat use by insectivorous bats in Mexico City, one of the largest and most populated cities of the world. We tested the hypotheses that richer patches of food, expected in more vegetated areas, have higher bat activity levels, and that fast-flying species benefit most ...
Bifrenaria
Bifrenaria, abbreviated Bif. in horticultural trade, is a genus of plant in family Orchidaceae. It contains 20 species found in Panama, Trinidad and South America. There are no known uses for them, but their abundant, and at first glance artificial, flowers, make them favorites of orchid growers.The genus can be split in two clearly distinct groups: one of highly robust plants with large flowers, that encompass the first species to be classified under the genus Bifrenaria; other of more delicate plants with smaller flowers occasionally classified as Stenocoryne or Adipe. There are two additional species that are normally classified as Bifrenaria, but which molecular analysis indicate to belong to different orchid groups entirely. One is Bifrenaria grandis which is endemic to Bolívia and which is now placed in Lacaena, and Bifrenaria steyermarkii, an inhabitant of the northern Amazon Forest, which does not have an alternative classification.