A Case Study in Concept Determination: Ecological Diversity.
... diversity, such as Shannon’s and Simpson’s, that make no assumption about the underlying distribution of individual organisms among species in a community. For this reason, these indices are sometimes called nonparametric (e.g. [Lande, 1996]) to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters ...
... diversity, such as Shannon’s and Simpson’s, that make no assumption about the underlying distribution of individual organisms among species in a community. For this reason, these indices are sometimes called nonparametric (e.g. [Lande, 1996]) to distinguish them from indices derived from parameters ...
Chapter 3 Test - biology-with
... Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a herbaceous wetland perennial that was introduced into North America from Europe in the early 1800s. It is believed that purple loosestrife arrived in the ballasts of cargo ships. Other possibilities include deliberate introduction as an herb, rootstalks br ...
... Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a herbaceous wetland perennial that was introduced into North America from Europe in the early 1800s. It is believed that purple loosestrife arrived in the ballasts of cargo ships. Other possibilities include deliberate introduction as an herb, rootstalks br ...
Low biodiversity state persists two decades after cessation of
... observed lack of recovery depended on neighbour plot richness (Hawthorne 2012), which was quantified as the mean number of species in all adjacent plots (including up to eight plots along the four edges and at the four corners of a plot completely surrounded by other plots). Movement of plants betwe ...
... observed lack of recovery depended on neighbour plot richness (Hawthorne 2012), which was quantified as the mean number of species in all adjacent plots (including up to eight plots along the four edges and at the four corners of a plot completely surrounded by other plots). Movement of plants betwe ...
Disturbances in deciduous temperate forest ecosystems of the
... Europe winter windstorms occur after deciduous trees have lost their leaves. Tornadoes can have even greater destructive power (but affect relatively narrow strips of land), and the more severe of these mainly occur in North America. The general disturbance patch system therefore is relatively large ...
... Europe winter windstorms occur after deciduous trees have lost their leaves. Tornadoes can have even greater destructive power (but affect relatively narrow strips of land), and the more severe of these mainly occur in North America. The general disturbance patch system therefore is relatively large ...
3.4.1 Chapter 3 Test.AST
... Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a herbaceous wetland perennial that was introduced into North America from Europe in the early 1800s. It is believed that purple loosestrife arrived in the ballasts of cargo ships. Other possibilities include deliberate introduction as an herb, rootstalks br ...
... Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) is a herbaceous wetland perennial that was introduced into North America from Europe in the early 1800s. It is believed that purple loosestrife arrived in the ballasts of cargo ships. Other possibilities include deliberate introduction as an herb, rootstalks br ...
Processes of ecometric patterning: modelling functional traits
... temporal spread of hypsodonty (high-crowned cheek teeth) in large herbivorous mammals, including horses, in response to the global spread of aridity and grasslands that resulted from the Himalayan uplift, continental reconfiguration, and changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation (Fig. 1; Fortel ...
... temporal spread of hypsodonty (high-crowned cheek teeth) in large herbivorous mammals, including horses, in response to the global spread of aridity and grasslands that resulted from the Himalayan uplift, continental reconfiguration, and changes in atmospheric and oceanic circulation (Fig. 1; Fortel ...
Macrobenthic community structure of soft-bottom sediments Lefrere L.
... than 50% (Fig. 7). The first group, including the marine sites (A, B, G and I), is composed of four sites with a sand bottom and a low specific richness. These sites are located in the downstream part of the lagoon, where the values of temperature and salinity are fairly close to oceanic values. The ...
... than 50% (Fig. 7). The first group, including the marine sites (A, B, G and I), is composed of four sites with a sand bottom and a low specific richness. These sites are located in the downstream part of the lagoon, where the values of temperature and salinity are fairly close to oceanic values. The ...
78 WP9 Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da - CAR-SPAW-RAC
... There are two lateral flashes of even lighter gray that run dorso-ventrally, one behind the flippers and one about mid-way down the body. Ventral coloration can vary from pink to very light gray (da Silva and Best, 1994; 1996). However, despite being similar in their color, the estuarine dolphin can ...
... There are two lateral flashes of even lighter gray that run dorso-ventrally, one behind the flippers and one about mid-way down the body. Ventral coloration can vary from pink to very light gray (da Silva and Best, 1994; 1996). However, despite being similar in their color, the estuarine dolphin can ...
Alternative introduction
... The Rhamphorhynchoidea appear in the Late Triassic and continue well into the Upper Jurassic. These pterosaurs show continued development throughout, but generally have large teeth indicating carnivorous feeding habits. A few of the later and more advanced species show tail length reduction. ...
... The Rhamphorhynchoidea appear in the Late Triassic and continue well into the Upper Jurassic. These pterosaurs show continued development throughout, but generally have large teeth indicating carnivorous feeding habits. A few of the later and more advanced species show tail length reduction. ...
Effects of predation risk on group size, vigilance
... to measure the costs of antipredator responses, which will allow us to test the relative importance of direct mortality and risk effects and to identify the factors that affect their relative importance. Ungulates often respond to predation risk with increased vigilance and altered patterns of aggre ...
... to measure the costs of antipredator responses, which will allow us to test the relative importance of direct mortality and risk effects and to identify the factors that affect their relative importance. Ungulates often respond to predation risk with increased vigilance and altered patterns of aggre ...
Towards a food web perspective on biodiversity and ecosystem
... throughout that network. Within the field of ecology, one of the oldest and most fundamental questions asked by researchers is ‘How does the number of species interacting within a food web influence the efficiency and reliability by which energy and matter are transmitted through that web?’. Research o ...
... throughout that network. Within the field of ecology, one of the oldest and most fundamental questions asked by researchers is ‘How does the number of species interacting within a food web influence the efficiency and reliability by which energy and matter are transmitted through that web?’. Research o ...
The Influence of Low Intensities of Light Pollution on Bat
... Copyright: ß 2014 Lacoeuilhe et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Funding was provide ...
... Copyright: ß 2014 Lacoeuilhe et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Funding was provide ...
Effects of disturbance by Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica) on
... Mongolia (Zahler et al. 2004); however, little is known about some of its ecological roles; in particular in creating spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale. The types of vegetation that grow on the mounds created by Siberian marmots can differ greatly from that on the surrounding, comparative ...
... Mongolia (Zahler et al. 2004); however, little is known about some of its ecological roles; in particular in creating spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale. The types of vegetation that grow on the mounds created by Siberian marmots can differ greatly from that on the surrounding, comparative ...
Rangeland degradation in Ordos Plateau, its nature and assessment
... the regions in the same latitude, primarily because of the frequent fluctuation of climate and the heavier grazing pressure, combined with the exploring for fuelwood and pharmaceutical plants and the conversion to farmland. Desert steppe in the area was examined for effects of hundreds years of live ...
... the regions in the same latitude, primarily because of the frequent fluctuation of climate and the heavier grazing pressure, combined with the exploring for fuelwood and pharmaceutical plants and the conversion to farmland. Desert steppe in the area was examined for effects of hundreds years of live ...
19-Population ecology
... intermediate or type II survivorship curve. In type III survivorship curves, early ages experience the highest mortality with much lower mortality rates for organisms that make it to advanced years. Type III organisms typically produce large numbers of offspring, but provide very little or no care f ...
... intermediate or type II survivorship curve. In type III survivorship curves, early ages experience the highest mortality with much lower mortality rates for organisms that make it to advanced years. Type III organisms typically produce large numbers of offspring, but provide very little or no care f ...
Journal Biology 2005 3 (1).pmd - Mongolian journal of Biological
... undertaken in representative habitats in parallel with the pellet collection. To determine the number of pellets required from a single roost site to assess the representative diet composition, accumulative average composition of pellets was plotted against increasing pellet sample size for each spe ...
... undertaken in representative habitats in parallel with the pellet collection. To determine the number of pellets required from a single roost site to assess the representative diet composition, accumulative average composition of pellets was plotted against increasing pellet sample size for each spe ...
Biodiversity, Stability, and Productivity in Competitive Communities
... from linear approximations to nonlinear systems. Second, it is intrinsically a nonequilibrium measure—useful because populations are rarely observed in equilibrium. Indeed, multispecies equilibria and associated eigenvalues do not even exist for some systems (DeAngelis and Waterhouse 1987), includin ...
... from linear approximations to nonlinear systems. Second, it is intrinsically a nonequilibrium measure—useful because populations are rarely observed in equilibrium. Indeed, multispecies equilibria and associated eigenvalues do not even exist for some systems (DeAngelis and Waterhouse 1987), includin ...
abstracts - Cascadia Prairie Oak Partnership
... important component of prairie and oak habitats. Our native species were all formerly placed in the Lily family but phylogenetic analyses of genetic data show that only a subset of our species are related to lilies, with the reminder more closely related to agaves, amaryllis, and daffodils. Thirty t ...
... important component of prairie and oak habitats. Our native species were all formerly placed in the Lily family but phylogenetic analyses of genetic data show that only a subset of our species are related to lilies, with the reminder more closely related to agaves, amaryllis, and daffodils. Thirty t ...
Modelling Food Webs
... are prey, H, and the proportions which are predators, P , may be used. They are related to the previous set by H = I + B and P = T + I. Recall that only two of the set {T, I, B} are independent and that H + P = I + 1 is greater than unity, since intermediate species are both predators and prey. A fr ...
... are prey, H, and the proportions which are predators, P , may be used. They are related to the previous set by H = I + B and P = T + I. Recall that only two of the set {T, I, B} are independent and that H + P = I + 1 is greater than unity, since intermediate species are both predators and prey. A fr ...
Understanding Our Environment
... Predation - A predator is an organism that feeds directly upon another living organism, whether or not it kills the prey in doing so. Prey most successfully on slowest, weakest, least fit members of target population. - Reduce competition, population overgrowth, and stimulate natural selection. ...
... Predation - A predator is an organism that feeds directly upon another living organism, whether or not it kills the prey in doing so. Prey most successfully on slowest, weakest, least fit members of target population. - Reduce competition, population overgrowth, and stimulate natural selection. ...
10.1 MB - Charles Darwin Foundation
... and now President of the CDF. By happy coincidence, Dr Kramer has just been appointed an Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark, in recognition of his services to conservation in the Galapagos. By another happy coincidence, Mr Guy Mountfort, CDF Counsellor and an early protagonist of conservation no ...
... and now President of the CDF. By happy coincidence, Dr Kramer has just been appointed an Officer of the Order of the Golden Ark, in recognition of his services to conservation in the Galapagos. By another happy coincidence, Mr Guy Mountfort, CDF Counsellor and an early protagonist of conservation no ...
Balanced harvesting in fisheries: economic
... fish yield is consumed. For example, such benefits may be substantial if the production is used for direct consumption by those needing food. On the other hand, if less-selective fishing produces species and sizes undesired for human consumption, while reducing production of more-desired species, th ...
... fish yield is consumed. For example, such benefits may be substantial if the production is used for direct consumption by those needing food. On the other hand, if less-selective fishing produces species and sizes undesired for human consumption, while reducing production of more-desired species, th ...
Bifrenaria
Bifrenaria, abbreviated Bif. in horticultural trade, is a genus of plant in family Orchidaceae. It contains 20 species found in Panama, Trinidad and South America. There are no known uses for them, but their abundant, and at first glance artificial, flowers, make them favorites of orchid growers.The genus can be split in two clearly distinct groups: one of highly robust plants with large flowers, that encompass the first species to be classified under the genus Bifrenaria; other of more delicate plants with smaller flowers occasionally classified as Stenocoryne or Adipe. There are two additional species that are normally classified as Bifrenaria, but which molecular analysis indicate to belong to different orchid groups entirely. One is Bifrenaria grandis which is endemic to Bolívia and which is now placed in Lacaena, and Bifrenaria steyermarkii, an inhabitant of the northern Amazon Forest, which does not have an alternative classification.