Chapter 33
... basilar membrane to vibrate up and down causing its hair cells to bend. The bending of the hair cells depolarizes their membranes sending action potentials that travel via the auditory nerve to the brain. ...
... basilar membrane to vibrate up and down causing its hair cells to bend. The bending of the hair cells depolarizes their membranes sending action potentials that travel via the auditory nerve to the brain. ...
ppt
... cell membrane during the resting stage (usually negative) Unlike most cells, neurons have a rich supply of positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell ...
... cell membrane during the resting stage (usually negative) Unlike most cells, neurons have a rich supply of positive and negative ions inside and outside the cell ...
Brain and Nervous System
... membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron. Remember, sodium has a positive charge, so the neuron becomes more positive and becom ...
... membrane. A stimulus first causes sodium channels to open. Because there are many more sodium ions on the outside, and the inside of the neuron is negative relative to the outside, sodium ions rush into the neuron. Remember, sodium has a positive charge, so the neuron becomes more positive and becom ...
Week 2 Lecture Notes
... contains a salt solution resembling the fluid normally found within the cell, is lowered to the cell membrane where a tight seal is formed. When a little suction is applied to the pipette, the "patch" of membrane within the pipette ruptures, permitting access to the whole cell. The electrode, which ...
... contains a salt solution resembling the fluid normally found within the cell, is lowered to the cell membrane where a tight seal is formed. When a little suction is applied to the pipette, the "patch" of membrane within the pipette ruptures, permitting access to the whole cell. The electrode, which ...
Chapter 12
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
12-1 Chapter 12 Lecture Outline See PowerPoint Image Slides for
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
No Slide Title
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
... – depolarization decreases potential across cell membrane due to opening of gated Na+ channels • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
... In this course, you will learn the basic “rules” that govern the functions of the body, so that you will be able to explain and predict what the body will do in different situations. You may even be able to enlighten your friends as to what’s really happening to them when they exercise, or feel fain ...
... In this course, you will learn the basic “rules” that govern the functions of the body, so that you will be able to explain and predict what the body will do in different situations. You may even be able to enlighten your friends as to what’s really happening to them when they exercise, or feel fain ...
Resting Membrane Potentials
... Voltage gated – these are seen on the axon of neurons and are utilized for the generation and propagation of action potentials. Mechanically gated – these are discovered on the dendrites of sensory neurons and are also seen in sensory receptor cells. Their opening and closing are dependent upon the ...
... Voltage gated – these are seen on the axon of neurons and are utilized for the generation and propagation of action potentials. Mechanically gated – these are discovered on the dendrites of sensory neurons and are also seen in sensory receptor cells. Their opening and closing are dependent upon the ...
Nervous System notes
... most neurons of humans II. Functions – A. Nerve Impulses – like tiny electrical currents that pass along neurons – these result from ion movement in and out of plasma membranes of neurons ...
... most neurons of humans II. Functions – A. Nerve Impulses – like tiny electrical currents that pass along neurons – these result from ion movement in and out of plasma membranes of neurons ...
Lesson 4 Section 9.2 Electrochemical Impulse
... This causes a charge reversal, or depolarization Once the overall charge becomes negative (more + than – on the inside of the membrane) the Na+ gates close The cell works to restore the original polarity by using a sodium/potassium pump o 3 Na+ are pumped out, while 2 K+ are pumped in o ATP fuels th ...
... This causes a charge reversal, or depolarization Once the overall charge becomes negative (more + than – on the inside of the membrane) the Na+ gates close The cell works to restore the original polarity by using a sodium/potassium pump o 3 Na+ are pumped out, while 2 K+ are pumped in o ATP fuels th ...
Biology 12 Nervous System Major Divisions of Nervous System 1
... 3. Interneuron (which is always found in the central nervous system), receives this nerve impulse from the sensory neuron by its dendrites and passes it through its cell body to its axons . 4. Motor neuron receives the nerve impulse from the axons of the interneuron by its dendrites and cell body an ...
... 3. Interneuron (which is always found in the central nervous system), receives this nerve impulse from the sensory neuron by its dendrites and passes it through its cell body to its axons . 4. Motor neuron receives the nerve impulse from the axons of the interneuron by its dendrites and cell body an ...
Your Nervous System
... When the cell membrane becomes depolarized, K+ automatically leaves the cell until the cell is back to its resting state. ...
... When the cell membrane becomes depolarized, K+ automatically leaves the cell until the cell is back to its resting state. ...
Psychology`s biological roots: neurons and neural communication
... An Action Potential is the transmission of the signal down the axon through a complex exchange of sodium and potassium ions When the action is over, the positive sodium, is pumped back out until next time ...
... An Action Potential is the transmission of the signal down the axon through a complex exchange of sodium and potassium ions When the action is over, the positive sodium, is pumped back out until next time ...
突觸與神經訊號傳遞 - 國立交通大學開放式課程
... (a) Graded hyperpolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to K ...
... (a) Graded hyperpolarizations produced by two stimuli that increase membrane permeability to K ...
action potential
... During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close; resting potential is restored During the refractory period after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated The refractory period is a result of a tempora ...
... During the undershoot, membrane permeability to K+ is at first higher than at rest, then voltage-gated K+ channels close; resting potential is restored During the refractory period after an action potential, a second action potential cannot be initiated The refractory period is a result of a tempora ...
Document
... with plasma membrane 3. Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft 4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on receiving neuron – Following events vary with different types of chemical synapses ...
... with plasma membrane 3. Neurotransmitter is released into synaptic cleft 4. Neurotransmitter binds to receptor on receiving neuron – Following events vary with different types of chemical synapses ...
Communication between Neurons
... iii) Action of neurotransmitters on Post Synaptic membrane The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft until it binds with a specific receptor on the post-synaptic membrane. There are two types of receptors a) Ion channel linked receptors and b) G-Protein linked receptors. Once the neuro ...
... iii) Action of neurotransmitters on Post Synaptic membrane The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synaptic cleft until it binds with a specific receptor on the post-synaptic membrane. There are two types of receptors a) Ion channel linked receptors and b) G-Protein linked receptors. Once the neuro ...
Synaptic Transmission
... potassium out instead of sodium in, which makes the neuron even more negative! ...
... potassium out instead of sodium in, which makes the neuron even more negative! ...
Chapter Outline
... • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
... • Na+ rushes in down concentration and electrical gradients • Na+ diffuses for short distance inside membrane producing a change in voltage called a local potential ...
Nervous System Reading from SparkNotes
... Speeding Up the Action Potential Axons of many neurons are surrounded by a structure known as the myelin sheath, a structure that helps to speed up the movement of action potentials along the axon. The sheath is built of Schwann cells, which wrap themselves around the axon of the neuron, leaving sma ...
... Speeding Up the Action Potential Axons of many neurons are surrounded by a structure known as the myelin sheath, a structure that helps to speed up the movement of action potentials along the axon. The sheath is built of Schwann cells, which wrap themselves around the axon of the neuron, leaving sma ...
Neuron
... Nerve cells, like other cells of the body, have an electric charge that can be measured across their outer cell membrane (resting potential). The resting membrane potential is the result of the differential separation of charged ions, especially Na+ and K+, across the membrane and the resting membra ...
... Nerve cells, like other cells of the body, have an electric charge that can be measured across their outer cell membrane (resting potential). The resting membrane potential is the result of the differential separation of charged ions, especially Na+ and K+, across the membrane and the resting membra ...
Nervous Systems (ch. 48 & 49) Sum13
... • Stimulation from a neighbor neuron excites the cell (brief increase in voltage = EPSP) ...
... • Stimulation from a neighbor neuron excites the cell (brief increase in voltage = EPSP) ...
Ch12 notes Martini 9e
... • Link graded potentials at cell body with motor end plate actions • Initiating Action Potential • Initial stimulus • A graded depolarization of axon hillock large enough (10 to 15 mV) to change resting potential (–70 mV) to threshold level of voltage-gated sodium channels (–60 to –55 mV) • Initiati ...
... • Link graded potentials at cell body with motor end plate actions • Initiating Action Potential • Initial stimulus • A graded depolarization of axon hillock large enough (10 to 15 mV) to change resting potential (–70 mV) to threshold level of voltage-gated sodium channels (–60 to –55 mV) • Initiati ...
Action potential
In physiology, an action potential is a short-lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls, following a consistent trajectory. Action potentials occur in several types of animal cells, called excitable cells, which include neurons, muscle cells, and endocrine cells, as well as in some plant cells. In neurons, they play a central role in cell-to-cell communication. In other types of cells, their main function is to activate intracellular processes. In muscle cells, for example, an action potential is the first step in the chain of events leading to contraction. In beta cells of the pancreas, they provoke release of insulin. Action potentials in neurons are also known as ""nerve impulses"" or ""spikes"", and the temporal sequence of action potentials generated by a neuron is called its ""spike train"". A neuron that emits an action potential is often said to ""fire"".Action potentials are generated by special types of voltage-gated ion channels embedded in a cell's plasma membrane. These channels are shut when the membrane potential is near the resting potential of the cell, but they rapidly begin to open if the membrane potential increases to a precisely defined threshold value. When the channels open (in response to depolarization in transmembrane voltage), they allow an inward flow of sodium ions, which changes the electrochemical gradient, which in turn produces a further rise in the membrane potential. This then causes more channels to open, producing a greater electric current across the cell membrane, and so on. The process proceeds explosively until all of the available ion channels are open, resulting in a large upswing in the membrane potential. The rapid influx of sodium ions causes the polarity of the plasma membrane to reverse, and the ion channels then rapidly inactivate. As the sodium channels close, sodium ions can no longer enter the neuron, and then they are actively transported back out of the plasma membrane. Potassium channels are then activated, and there is an outward current of potassium ions, returning the electrochemical gradient to the resting state. After an action potential has occurred, there is a transient negative shift, called the afterhyperpolarization or refractory period, due to additional potassium currents. This mechanism prevents an action potential from traveling back the way it just came.In animal cells, there are two primary types of action potentials. One type is generated by voltage-gated sodium channels, the other by voltage-gated calcium channels. Sodium-based action potentials usually last for under one millisecond, whereas calcium-based action potentials may last for 100 milliseconds or longer. In some types of neurons, slow calcium spikes provide the driving force for a long burst of rapidly emitted sodium spikes. In cardiac muscle cells, on the other hand, an initial fast sodium spike provides a ""primer"" to provoke the rapid onset of a calcium spike, which then produces muscle contraction.