Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... morphology and either regular adapting or intrinsically bursting activity. However, SST is also expressed in three other cell types: the murine X94 transgenic cell line located in layers IV– V with projections to layer IV and either short-duration spikes or stuttering firing pattern (Ma et al., 2006) ...
... morphology and either regular adapting or intrinsically bursting activity. However, SST is also expressed in three other cell types: the murine X94 transgenic cell line located in layers IV– V with projections to layer IV and either short-duration spikes or stuttering firing pattern (Ma et al., 2006) ...
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... may play roles in locomotion and in the escape swimming network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavi ...
... may play roles in locomotion and in the escape swimming network similar to those of Tritonia, because the animals share apparently homologous networks for these behaviors (Jing and Gillette, 1995; Jing et al., 1997; Jing and Gillette, 1998). In this animal, 5-HT stimulates multiple aspects of behavi ...
Inducing Any Virtual Two-Dimensional Movement in Humans by
... all the muscles surrounding a given joint in response to two-dimensional movements performed under active and passive conditions (Bergenheim et al. 2000; Cordo et al. 2002; Jones et al. 2001; Roll et al. 2000, 2004). In addition, the “population vector model,” first used at the cortical level (Georg ...
... all the muscles surrounding a given joint in response to two-dimensional movements performed under active and passive conditions (Bergenheim et al. 2000; Cordo et al. 2002; Jones et al. 2001; Roll et al. 2000, 2004). In addition, the “population vector model,” first used at the cortical level (Georg ...
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... leaving the globus pallidus (see Fig. 19-15). A, anterior nucleus (of the thalamus); Am, amygdala; CCb, body of the corpus callosum; D, dorsomedial nucleus; HC, hippocampus; Ia and Ip, internal capsule-anterior limb and posterior limb; Ins, insula; LVa and LVb, anterior horn and body of the lateral ...
... leaving the globus pallidus (see Fig. 19-15). A, anterior nucleus (of the thalamus); Am, amygdala; CCb, body of the corpus callosum; D, dorsomedial nucleus; HC, hippocampus; Ia and Ip, internal capsule-anterior limb and posterior limb; Ins, insula; LVa and LVb, anterior horn and body of the lateral ...
The Rat Ventromedial Thalamic Nucleus and Motor Control: Role of
... reticulata serves as an output station of the basal ganglia (Di Chiara et al., 1977), the VM as the major thalamic target of the GABAergic nigrothalamic tract has gained increasing scientific interest. Several studies have been published in which the behavior of rats was studied following lesions of ...
... reticulata serves as an output station of the basal ganglia (Di Chiara et al., 1977), the VM as the major thalamic target of the GABAergic nigrothalamic tract has gained increasing scientific interest. Several studies have been published in which the behavior of rats was studied following lesions of ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... This may be ascribed, however, to the fact that STS output reaches, albeit indirectly (see below), the whole ventral premotor region and not only F5. Second, STS neurons do not appear to be endowed with motor properties. Another cortical area where there are neurons that respond to the observation o ...
... This may be ascribed, however, to the fact that STS output reaches, albeit indirectly (see below), the whole ventral premotor region and not only F5. Second, STS neurons do not appear to be endowed with motor properties. Another cortical area where there are neurons that respond to the observation o ...
and Third-Order Neurons of Cockroach Ocelli
... Japan ABSTRACT Transfer characteristics o f the synapse made from second- to thirdorder neurons o f cockroach ocelli were studied using simultaneous microelectrode penetrations and the application o f tetrodotoxin. Potential changes were evoked in second-order neurons by either an extrinsic current ...
... Japan ABSTRACT Transfer characteristics o f the synapse made from second- to thirdorder neurons o f cockroach ocelli were studied using simultaneous microelectrode penetrations and the application o f tetrodotoxin. Potential changes were evoked in second-order neurons by either an extrinsic current ...
Edge of chaos and prediction of computational performance for
... to the membrane potential at the soma of this readout neuron. We will refer to the vector x(t) as the circuit state at time t. Note that the readout neurons do not have access to the analog state of the circuit neurons, but only to the filtered version of their output spike trains. Under these unple ...
... to the membrane potential at the soma of this readout neuron. We will refer to the vector x(t) as the circuit state at time t. Note that the readout neurons do not have access to the analog state of the circuit neurons, but only to the filtered version of their output spike trains. Under these unple ...
NMDA Receptors Contribute to Primary Visceral Afferent
... synaptic transmission in the NTS may be due to true differences in the glutamate receptor subtypes activated in these different autonomic reflex pathways or to limitations of the microinjection technique, which typically relies on relatively large volumes (10–100 nl) of highly concentrated agents th ...
... synaptic transmission in the NTS may be due to true differences in the glutamate receptor subtypes activated in these different autonomic reflex pathways or to limitations of the microinjection technique, which typically relies on relatively large volumes (10–100 nl) of highly concentrated agents th ...
Information processing in a neuron ensemble with the multiplicative
... tends to 0. This is understandable, since one cannot expect more from the knowledge of multiplicative correlation by decreasing the noise intensity as they are coupled in product. This is an important property we need to pay attention to when practical data are analyzed2. It tells us that there is a ...
... tends to 0. This is understandable, since one cannot expect more from the knowledge of multiplicative correlation by decreasing the noise intensity as they are coupled in product. This is an important property we need to pay attention to when practical data are analyzed2. It tells us that there is a ...
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... From the viewpoint of biological development [19], [76], [103], the representation inside the “brain” is epigenetically generated throughout the lifetime of each individual life. “Epi” here means “after”. By “epigenetic”, we mean that the genes inside every cell regulate, but do not totally determin ...
... From the viewpoint of biological development [19], [76], [103], the representation inside the “brain” is epigenetically generated throughout the lifetime of each individual life. “Epi” here means “after”. By “epigenetic”, we mean that the genes inside every cell regulate, but do not totally determin ...
Investigating circadian rhythmicity in pain sensitivity using
... horn neuron and Aδ fibers [17], a wide-dynamic range projection neuron [1], and for the dorsal horn circuit between a projection, inhibitory, and excitatory neuron [38]. All these models were validated by showing that they are able to reproduce observed phenomena such as wind-up in the presence of n ...
... horn neuron and Aδ fibers [17], a wide-dynamic range projection neuron [1], and for the dorsal horn circuit between a projection, inhibitory, and excitatory neuron [38]. All these models were validated by showing that they are able to reproduce observed phenomena such as wind-up in the presence of n ...
Mirror neurons and their clinical relevance
... A large number of studies based on noninvasive electrophysiological (e.g. EEG, magnetoencephalo graphy [MEG]) or brain imaging (e.g. PET, functional MRI [fMRI]) techniques have demonstrated the existence of the mirror mechanism in humans.8,9 Brain imaging studies have enabled the mirror areas to ...
... A large number of studies based on noninvasive electrophysiological (e.g. EEG, magnetoencephalo graphy [MEG]) or brain imaging (e.g. PET, functional MRI [fMRI]) techniques have demonstrated the existence of the mirror mechanism in humans.8,9 Brain imaging studies have enabled the mirror areas to ...
Neural Coding and Auditory Perception
... (integration) of information might occur when the same ITD is presented on two interaural electrode pairs. On the other hand, the presence of a fixed ITD on one interaural pair might degrade the ITD sensitivity for a second pair (interference). To test these hypotheses, ITD sensitivity was measured ...
... (integration) of information might occur when the same ITD is presented on two interaural electrode pairs. On the other hand, the presence of a fixed ITD on one interaural pair might degrade the ITD sensitivity for a second pair (interference). To test these hypotheses, ITD sensitivity was measured ...
Motor systems Basal ganglia
... there is no change in the tendon reflexes and all muscles are affected although there is a tendency for the patients to maintain a flexed posture in both arms and legs. The tremor of Parkinson’s patients is a static or resting tremor, which refers to the involuntary 4-5 Hz movements when the limb is ...
... there is no change in the tendon reflexes and all muscles are affected although there is a tendency for the patients to maintain a flexed posture in both arms and legs. The tremor of Parkinson’s patients is a static or resting tremor, which refers to the involuntary 4-5 Hz movements when the limb is ...
Synapses and Neurotransmitters
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
... Summation It needs to be understood that in many cases, the neurotransmitters released from a single neuron are not enough to reach the threshold level in the postsynaptic neuron which means an action potential will NOT occur. The effect produced by the accumulation of neurotransmitters released f ...
