- Wiley Online Library
... strongly stimulated by hypercapnia and their main known function is to adjust lung ventilation so as to maintain the stability of arterial P CO2 . This role is especially important during non-REM sleep and quiet waking. Right: P CO2 detection by RTN. RTN neurons detect P CO2 primarily via changes in ...
... strongly stimulated by hypercapnia and their main known function is to adjust lung ventilation so as to maintain the stability of arterial P CO2 . This role is especially important during non-REM sleep and quiet waking. Right: P CO2 detection by RTN. RTN neurons detect P CO2 primarily via changes in ...
Potential switch from eupnea to fictive gasping after blockade of
... nerves have distinctly different discharge patterns, which are similar to those during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in vivo (41, 45–47). Exclusive of one in vitro slice preparation (19), all mammalian en bloc and slice preparations typically exhibit a single decrementing pattern, with little variat ...
... nerves have distinctly different discharge patterns, which are similar to those during eupnea, apneusis, and gasping in vivo (41, 45–47). Exclusive of one in vitro slice preparation (19), all mammalian en bloc and slice preparations typically exhibit a single decrementing pattern, with little variat ...
Ethanol Potentiation of Glycine-Induced Responses in Dissociated
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
... fetal alcohol syndrome/fetal alcohol effects are neurobehavioral disturbances, such as hyperactivity, learning disabilities, depression, and psychosis (Clarren and Smith, 1978). The mechanisms underlying EtOH effects on the developing human brain, however, are poorly understood. According to a very ...
the Report - The Lasker Foundation
... inaccurate monocular fixation, poor eye tracking ability, reduced contrast sensitivity, and inaccurate accommodative response.” ...
... inaccurate monocular fixation, poor eye tracking ability, reduced contrast sensitivity, and inaccurate accommodative response.” ...
The physiological role of orexin/hypocretin neurons in the regulation
... OX2R, suggesting that both OX1R and OX2R signaling are excitatory on neurons. Orexin colocalizes with dynorphin (Chou et al., 2001) and glutamate (Abrahamson et al., 2001). It has also been demonstrated that orexin increases local glutamate signaling by facilitation of glutamate release from presyna ...
... OX2R, suggesting that both OX1R and OX2R signaling are excitatory on neurons. Orexin colocalizes with dynorphin (Chou et al., 2001) and glutamate (Abrahamson et al., 2001). It has also been demonstrated that orexin increases local glutamate signaling by facilitation of glutamate release from presyna ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
Serotonin in Affective Control
... effect of emphasizing phasic signalling. Further, fluctuations in their concentrations at their targets are influenced by the nature and dynamics of active transport mechanisms, which can be spatially inhomogeneous; and different receptors can also have different temporal characteristics. Finally, t ...
... effect of emphasizing phasic signalling. Further, fluctuations in their concentrations at their targets are influenced by the nature and dynamics of active transport mechanisms, which can be spatially inhomogeneous; and different receptors can also have different temporal characteristics. Finally, t ...
Axonal degeneration as a therapeutic target in the CNS | SpringerLink
... peripheral afferents. Most cases of traumatic spinal cord injury result in a partial transection of ascending and/or descending tracts and incomplete impairment of sensory or motor functions, whereas only a small fraction represents complete transections (Rowland et al. 2008). Next to the initial ax ...
... peripheral afferents. Most cases of traumatic spinal cord injury result in a partial transection of ascending and/or descending tracts and incomplete impairment of sensory or motor functions, whereas only a small fraction represents complete transections (Rowland et al. 2008). Next to the initial ax ...
Dopaminergic control of the globus pallidus and its impact
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
... The work of my thesis is a part of integrative neurobiology and focuses on studying the control exerted by dopamine on basal ganglia (BG), especially the "external part of globus pallidus or GPe". GPe being a nucleus, which plays a key role in the control of movement by exerting an inhibitory influe ...
Neural correlates of stimulus–response and response–outcome
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
... same block were averaged together. In this way, free- and forcedchoice trials were matched for direction, outcome and position in block. To represent population activity, we first binned the firing rate of each neuron, from the beginning of each trial to the end of each trial. Then we subtracted the ...
Glial cell biology in Drosophila and vertebrates
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
... function in the mature central nervous system (e.g. support of neurons, blood–brain barrier formation, and modulation of neuronal activity) are probably very similar at the molecular level. Key aspects of neuronal development – from axon pathfinding to the sculpting of synaptic connections – are als ...
Analysis of sleep spindles and model of their generation
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
... 2.6 Topographic distribution of relation between sleep spindles amplitude and frequency. Each dot corresponds to one spindle. Positions of plots correspond to arrangement of electrodes in 10/20 system. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.7 Topographical distribution of sleep spindle ...
Distinct Roles for Somatically and Dendritically Synthesized Brain
... the postsynaptic sites for the vast majority of excitatory synapses (Harris, 1999). Dendritic spines are highly dynamic structures that undergo changes in size, shape, and number during development, as well as in response to physiological stimuli such as learning (Holtmaat and Svoboda, 2009; Yoshiha ...
... the postsynaptic sites for the vast majority of excitatory synapses (Harris, 1999). Dendritic spines are highly dynamic structures that undergo changes in size, shape, and number during development, as well as in response to physiological stimuli such as learning (Holtmaat and Svoboda, 2009; Yoshiha ...
Same Spinal Interneurons Mediate Reflex Actions of Group Ib and
... neurons on spinal motoneurons by contralaterally located commissural interneurons. To this end reticulospinal tract fibers were stimulated in the contralateral medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) in chloralose-anesthetized cats in which the ipsilateral half of the spinal cord was transected rostral t ...
... neurons on spinal motoneurons by contralaterally located commissural interneurons. To this end reticulospinal tract fibers were stimulated in the contralateral medial longitudinal fascicle (MLF) in chloralose-anesthetized cats in which the ipsilateral half of the spinal cord was transected rostral t ...
Different neurotrophins are expressed and act in a developmental
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
... response to BDNF and NT-3 prior to naturally occurring cell death The survival effects of neurotrophins on cultured embryonic trigeminal neurons are clearly observed after 48 hours incubation when virtually all neurons have died in control cultures. Furthermore, since the serum-free medium used in t ...
Dokument_1 - KLUEDO - Technische Universität Kaiserslautern
... (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN) (Fig. 1.2). The MNTB is one of the most prominent structu ...
... (review: Illing et al., 2000). It consists of several nuclei, and the main ones are the medial nucleus of the trapezoid body (MNTB), the medial superior olive (MSO), the lateral superior olive (LSO), and the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN) (Fig. 1.2). The MNTB is one of the most prominent structu ...
A decade of the anaphase-promoting complex in the nervous system
... After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. ...
... After six months, it is available under a Creative Commons License (Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International), as described at http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/. ...
The Reorganization of Primary Auditory Cortex by Invasion of
... synapses and thalamocortical synapses (Sadaka et al. 2003) and dendritic spine density in layers 1 and 2/3 of barrel cortex (Briner et al. 2010). A decrease in dendritic spine density has also been found in visual cortex of visually-deprived animals (Montey and Quinlan 2011). In some cases, a decrea ...
... synapses and thalamocortical synapses (Sadaka et al. 2003) and dendritic spine density in layers 1 and 2/3 of barrel cortex (Briner et al. 2010). A decrease in dendritic spine density has also been found in visual cortex of visually-deprived animals (Montey and Quinlan 2011). In some cases, a decrea ...
Actin in Axons: Stable Scaffolds and Dynamic Filaments
... subunits at a lower monomer concentration than that occurs at the opposite end, the pointed end; while the latter end loses monomers at a lower concentration. If ATP is furnished to an actin solution, actin filaments form after nucleating, and reach a steady state, in which filaments undergo a dynam ...
... subunits at a lower monomer concentration than that occurs at the opposite end, the pointed end; while the latter end loses monomers at a lower concentration. If ATP is furnished to an actin solution, actin filaments form after nucleating, and reach a steady state, in which filaments undergo a dynam ...
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the development of epilepsy
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
... Abstract Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological diseases, but our understanding of the detailed cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying it remains incomplete. Several pathological changes typically occur in the epileptic brain, including neuronal loss, neurogenesis, neurite growth, and ...
Input-specific control of reward and aversion in the ventral tegmental
... respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenula neurons synapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-co ...
... respectively. Laterodorsal tegmentum neurons preferentially synapse on dopamine neurons projecting to the nucleus accumbens lateral shell, whereas lateral habenula neurons synapse primarily on dopamine neurons projecting to the medial prefrontal cortex as well as on GABAergic (c-aminobutyric-acid-co ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 12, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 12, 2017 ...
NEURAL ACTIVITY RELATED TO ANTICIPATED REWARD:
... Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (0.06% and 0.00% in monkeys P and F respectively). The difference in ...
... Out of all long-delay trials, 2.6% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (5.6% and 0.03% in monkeys P and F respectively). Out of all short-delay trials, 0.03% were terminated by a fixation break during this period (0.06% and 0.00% in monkeys P and F respectively). The difference in ...
Mice Lacking M1 and M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have
... for the whole duration of the associative learning trials, with ad libitum access to water. Mice were weighed each day to monitor weight loss and maintained at no less than 85% of their original body weight. For the associative learning task mice were trained to associate an odor with a food reward. ...
... for the whole duration of the associative learning trials, with ad libitum access to water. Mice were weighed each day to monitor weight loss and maintained at no less than 85% of their original body weight. For the associative learning task mice were trained to associate an odor with a food reward. ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Thus, it is most active when the body is at rest or digesting a meal, and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division. The parasympathetic division also helps maintain homeostasis, a constant internal environment. The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ t ...
... conserving energy and replenishing nutrient stores. Thus, it is most active when the body is at rest or digesting a meal, and has been nicknamed the “rest-and-digest” division. The parasympathetic division also helps maintain homeostasis, a constant internal environment. The sympathetic (sim-pa -̆ t ...
Nonsynaptic plasticity
Nonsynaptic plasticity is a form of neuroplasticity that involves modification of ion channel function in the axon, dendrites, and cell body that results in specific changes in the integration of excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs). Nonsynaptic plasticity is a modification of the intrinsic excitability of the neuron. It interacts with synaptic plasticity, but it is considered a separate entity from synaptic plasticity. Intrinsic modification of the electrical properties of neurons plays a role in many aspects of plasticity from homeostatic plasticity to learning and memory itself. Nonsynaptic plasticity affects synaptic integration, subthreshold propagation, spike generation, and other fundamental mechanisms of neurons at the cellular level. These individual neuronal alterations can result in changes in higher brain function, especially learning and memory. However, as an emerging field in neuroscience, much of the knowledge about nonsynaptic plasticity is uncertain and still requires further investigation to better define its role in brain function and behavior.