Chapter 13: The Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves, and Spinal
... • Describe the two major groups of receptors and their subtypes (and their usual ligands.) • Distinguish between receptor stimulation and cell stimulation. ...
... • Describe the two major groups of receptors and their subtypes (and their usual ligands.) • Distinguish between receptor stimulation and cell stimulation. ...
Motor System: Reflexes, Pyramidal Tract and Basal Ganglia
... Golgi tendon organ • found in tendons near junctions with muscle fibers: stretch receptors innervated by Ib fibers: heavily myelinated with fast conduction; Ib fibers go to ventral horn and activate interneurons which inhibit (glycinergic) alpha motor neurons (opposite of muscle spindle effect; neg ...
... Golgi tendon organ • found in tendons near junctions with muscle fibers: stretch receptors innervated by Ib fibers: heavily myelinated with fast conduction; Ib fibers go to ventral horn and activate interneurons which inhibit (glycinergic) alpha motor neurons (opposite of muscle spindle effect; neg ...
Skeletal System
... fibers are called mixed nerves – Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are sensory (afferent) nerves – Nerves that carry impulses only away from the CNS are motor (efferent) nerves ...
... fibers are called mixed nerves – Nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are sensory (afferent) nerves – Nerves that carry impulses only away from the CNS are motor (efferent) nerves ...
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Nervous System
... A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV ...
... A brief reversal of membrane potential with a total amplitude of 100 mV ...
Materials - Web Adventures
... that are not covered with myelin. Electrical impulses travel faster in neurons with myelin. Once an electrical impulse reaches a synaptic terminal, it stimulates the neuron to release chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gap (synapse) between cells. A neuron can make one or more different typ ...
... that are not covered with myelin. Electrical impulses travel faster in neurons with myelin. Once an electrical impulse reaches a synaptic terminal, it stimulates the neuron to release chemicals called neurotransmitters into the gap (synapse) between cells. A neuron can make one or more different typ ...
Chapter 1: The Muscle Spindle and the Central
... increase in the constant nervous impulse rate produced by the sensory nerve endings. The primary receptor (annulospiral sensory end organ) responds to sudden stretching in a fraction of a millisecond, producing a large number of impulses that are translated into information on the speed of receptor ...
... increase in the constant nervous impulse rate produced by the sensory nerve endings. The primary receptor (annulospiral sensory end organ) responds to sudden stretching in a fraction of a millisecond, producing a large number of impulses that are translated into information on the speed of receptor ...
Exocytosis through the lens
... membrane SNAREs, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 are not uniformly distributed over the plasma membrane, but instead are observed to exists in a clustered morphology (13, 48–53). These studies used diffraction-limited techniques and largely agreed that clusters were of the order of 200 nm in diameter. It is i ...
... membrane SNAREs, syntaxin, and SNAP-25 are not uniformly distributed over the plasma membrane, but instead are observed to exists in a clustered morphology (13, 48–53). These studies used diffraction-limited techniques and largely agreed that clusters were of the order of 200 nm in diameter. It is i ...
multispectral labeling technique to map many neighboring axonal
... vesicles will be brighter than others. To test this idea we injected three regions of a gland with three different concentrations of WGA-AF488 (Fig. 2a) and co-injected a different color at each of these sites at high concentration to keep track of the vesicles’ origins (Fig. 2b–e). We observed a li ...
... vesicles will be brighter than others. To test this idea we injected three regions of a gland with three different concentrations of WGA-AF488 (Fig. 2a) and co-injected a different color at each of these sites at high concentration to keep track of the vesicles’ origins (Fig. 2b–e). We observed a li ...
Document
... gastric sling and clasp fibers, their location, structure, responses, and how they affect that area of the body and potential complications that may arise there. Often times, there is a discrepancy with the cell signaling that takes place within the gastric clasp, that is to say the proper motor neu ...
... gastric sling and clasp fibers, their location, structure, responses, and how they affect that area of the body and potential complications that may arise there. Often times, there is a discrepancy with the cell signaling that takes place within the gastric clasp, that is to say the proper motor neu ...
Molecular Basis for Induction of Ocular Dominance
... 3. One form of homosynaptic LTD is induced by postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation and a second form depends on metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Under most experimental conditions, induction of homosynaptic LTD in the CA1 region and neocortex is inhibited when NMDA receptors are blocked ...
... 3. One form of homosynaptic LTD is induced by postsynaptic NMDA receptor activation and a second form depends on metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Under most experimental conditions, induction of homosynaptic LTD in the CA1 region and neocortex is inhibited when NMDA receptors are blocked ...
Activation Models
... Input can represent the magnitude of directly experiment sensory information or directly apply control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
... Input can represent the magnitude of directly experiment sensory information or directly apply control information. The input changes slowly,and can be assumed constant value. ...
Action Potential Backpropagation and Somato
... and Guillery, 1996). A similar anatomical segregation of inhibitory inputs from intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic neurons may facilitate complex synaptic interactions in the dendrites of TC neurons (Sherman and Guillery, 1996). This synaptic organization highlights the need to directly investigate d ...
... and Guillery, 1996). A similar anatomical segregation of inhibitory inputs from intrinsic and extrinsic GABAergic neurons may facilitate complex synaptic interactions in the dendrites of TC neurons (Sherman and Guillery, 1996). This synaptic organization highlights the need to directly investigate d ...
Purinergic Signalling: Pathophysiology
... The purinergic signalling hypothesis, i.e. adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) as an extracellular signalling molecule [1] was not well received over the first 20 years. However, in the early 1990’s receptors for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised (4 P1 adenosine receptor subtypes, 7 ...
... The purinergic signalling hypothesis, i.e. adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) as an extracellular signalling molecule [1] was not well received over the first 20 years. However, in the early 1990’s receptors for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised (4 P1 adenosine receptor subtypes, 7 ...
Chapter Two Line Title Here and Chapter Title Here and Here
... their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate. 3. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain in which the cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the spinal cord, and synapses with a second neuron, the postganglionic neuron, reside within an autonomic ganglion out ...
... their axons extend to the skeletal muscles they innervate. 3. The ANS consists of a two-neuron chain in which the cell body of the first neuron, the preganglionic neuron, resides in the spinal cord, and synapses with a second neuron, the postganglionic neuron, reside within an autonomic ganglion out ...
Introduction to Neurophysiology
... Voltage sensitive Na channels open, allowing more Na inside. The channels only remain open for a short time and then inactivated. Meanwhile, the K channels open in response to the voltage change, K flows out and the ...
... Voltage sensitive Na channels open, allowing more Na inside. The channels only remain open for a short time and then inactivated. Meanwhile, the K channels open in response to the voltage change, K flows out and the ...
Physiology – how the body detects pain stimuli
... ● Mechanical stimulus: usually a high pressure distributed over a small surface area – often another way of saying punctate pressure when talking about noxious stimuli ● Punctate pressure: pressure applied to a very small surface area ● Primary afferent fibre: a term used for all sensory neurons arr ...
... ● Mechanical stimulus: usually a high pressure distributed over a small surface area – often another way of saying punctate pressure when talking about noxious stimuli ● Punctate pressure: pressure applied to a very small surface area ● Primary afferent fibre: a term used for all sensory neurons arr ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY B.Sc. Counselling Psychology
... depth or distance in vision. Both processes involve spatial aspects of sensory input. Many features contribute to auditory localization of which the following are most important: Having two ears In the same way that having two eyes allows for greater visual abilities through stereoscopic vision, so ...
... depth or distance in vision. Both processes involve spatial aspects of sensory input. Many features contribute to auditory localization of which the following are most important: Having two ears In the same way that having two eyes allows for greater visual abilities through stereoscopic vision, so ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... tetrodotoxin to the superfusate, by blocking nerve ending activity, strongly reduces ACh release (Damsma et al. 1988; Mark et al. 1992; Giovannini et al. 2001). According to the canonical description of the cholinergic synapse, ACh, stored in the synaptic vesicles, undergoes quantal release that dep ...
... tetrodotoxin to the superfusate, by blocking nerve ending activity, strongly reduces ACh release (Damsma et al. 1988; Mark et al. 1992; Giovannini et al. 2001). According to the canonical description of the cholinergic synapse, ACh, stored in the synaptic vesicles, undergoes quantal release that dep ...
muscle spindle - KIN450
... conduction (120 m/sec). These afferents increase their firing rate when there is a change in muscle length or rapid movement. They have a rapidly adapting response and therefore provide information about the velocity and direction of the muscle stretch. They also provide information about the rate o ...
... conduction (120 m/sec). These afferents increase their firing rate when there is a change in muscle length or rapid movement. They have a rapidly adapting response and therefore provide information about the velocity and direction of the muscle stretch. They also provide information about the rate o ...
Document
... fibers that contract as a single unit • The fibers are aranged in sheets or bundles and their cell membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell membranes are joined by many gap junctions through which i ...
... fibers that contract as a single unit • The fibers are aranged in sheets or bundles and their cell membranes are adherent to one another at multiple points so that force generated in one muscle fiber can be transmitted to the next • The cell membranes are joined by many gap junctions through which i ...
Recording Electrical Signals from Human Muscle
... component of the motor unit consists of all skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the motor axon (often several dozens or several hundred). The terminals of the motor axon are connected to this set of fibers by a chemical synapse. This synapse is usually referred to as the neuromuscular junction or m ...
... component of the motor unit consists of all skeletal muscle fibers innervated by the motor axon (often several dozens or several hundred). The terminals of the motor axon are connected to this set of fibers by a chemical synapse. This synapse is usually referred to as the neuromuscular junction or m ...
Drivers and modulators from push-pull and balanced synaptic input
... a balanced configuration. The responsiveness of the model neuron was investigated by plotting the firing rate evoked by various levels of injected current (the f-I curve). The difference between the three curves lies in the different levels of balanced excitation and inhibition that the neuron recei ...
... a balanced configuration. The responsiveness of the model neuron was investigated by plotting the firing rate evoked by various levels of injected current (the f-I curve). The difference between the three curves lies in the different levels of balanced excitation and inhibition that the neuron recei ...
File
... kitchen, you noticed some roaches lying on their backs twitching furiously before they died. This aroused your curiosity, so you decided to investigate exactly how the insecticide works on the nervous system. In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcho ...
... kitchen, you noticed some roaches lying on their backs twitching furiously before they died. This aroused your curiosity, so you decided to investigate exactly how the insecticide works on the nervous system. In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcho ...
File
... kitchen, you noticed some roaches lying on their backs twitching furiously before they died. This aroused your curiosity, so you decided to investigate exactly how the insecticide works on the nervous system. In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcho ...
... kitchen, you noticed some roaches lying on their backs twitching furiously before they died. This aroused your curiosity, so you decided to investigate exactly how the insecticide works on the nervous system. In your research, you discover that the insecticide you used contains a permanent acetylcho ...
pdf 2.5M
... conditions of the population. One can observe multiple steady states, including global quiescence and global saturation, as well as a variety of oscillatory regimes for the electrical activity of the neurons. Although a single neuron, under the present model, does not oscillate, a coupled population ...
... conditions of the population. One can observe multiple steady states, including global quiescence and global saturation, as well as a variety of oscillatory regimes for the electrical activity of the neurons. Although a single neuron, under the present model, does not oscillate, a coupled population ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.