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... b. The choline is then taken up by the axon terminal and used to make more ACh 2. What happens in postsynaptic cell? a. Binding to receptor initiates release of a “second messenger” into the cytoplasm of the postsynaptic cell. This is most often Ca ion, cyclic AMP (= cAMP), or cyclic GMP (= cGMP). b ...
... b. The choline is then taken up by the axon terminal and used to make more ACh 2. What happens in postsynaptic cell? a. Binding to receptor initiates release of a “second messenger” into the cytoplasm of the postsynaptic cell. This is most often Ca ion, cyclic AMP (= cAMP), or cyclic GMP (= cGMP). b ...
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... exciting the neuron to fire more action potentials causing an increase in dopamine release. •Nicotine also affects neurons by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles released. ...
... exciting the neuron to fire more action potentials causing an increase in dopamine release. •Nicotine also affects neurons by increasing the number of synaptic vesicles released. ...
Midterm 1 - studyfruit
... ● uses transporters to send to terminal (proteins “walk” them down) ● vesicles wait at synaptic membrane, ready to fuse ■ Release ● When cell depolarizes, voltage gated Calcium channels open ● Very small amount of Calcium comes in, triggers fusion of vesicle to membrane ● NT released into synapse ● ...
... ● uses transporters to send to terminal (proteins “walk” them down) ● vesicles wait at synaptic membrane, ready to fuse ■ Release ● When cell depolarizes, voltage gated Calcium channels open ● Very small amount of Calcium comes in, triggers fusion of vesicle to membrane ● NT released into synapse ● ...
Lecture #13 – Animal Nervous Systems
... • Indirect synaptic transmission Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the membrane (not to a channel protein) Signal transduction pathway is initiated Second messengers eventually open channels Slower but amplified response ...
... • Indirect synaptic transmission Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the membrane (not to a channel protein) Signal transduction pathway is initiated Second messengers eventually open channels Slower but amplified response ...
Lecture #13 * Animal Nervous Systems
... • Indirect synaptic transmission Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the membrane (not to a channel protein) Signal transduction pathway is initiated Second messengers eventually open channels Slower but amplified response ...
... • Indirect synaptic transmission Neurotransmitter binds to a receptor on the membrane (not to a channel protein) Signal transduction pathway is initiated Second messengers eventually open channels Slower but amplified response ...
Overview of the Day
... chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with one another between neurons is a small space (1 millionth of an inch thick) called synaptic cleft when action potential reaches knob-like terminals at axon's end, it triggers release of neurotransmitter they cross synaptic cleft and bi ...
... chemical messengers that allow neurons to communicate with one another between neurons is a small space (1 millionth of an inch thick) called synaptic cleft when action potential reaches knob-like terminals at axon's end, it triggers release of neurotransmitter they cross synaptic cleft and bi ...
Chapter 28: The Nervous System
... signal starts out as an action potential generated near the cell body and is relayed to the terminals. Three steps occur to pass the signal: o When the sodium channels open, sodium rushes inward and the action potential is generated. o Potassium channels in the same region open and potassium diffuse ...
... signal starts out as an action potential generated near the cell body and is relayed to the terminals. Three steps occur to pass the signal: o When the sodium channels open, sodium rushes inward and the action potential is generated. o Potassium channels in the same region open and potassium diffuse ...
Biology 30 NERVOUS SYSTEM
... 2. Stimulation / Depolarization (+ 20 mV) stimulation by a change in pH, pressure, or an electrical stimulus cause the Na+ gates to open, and Na+ ions rush into the cell. This causes the membrane to become depolarized, with the outside of the cell being less positive than the inside. ...
... 2. Stimulation / Depolarization (+ 20 mV) stimulation by a change in pH, pressure, or an electrical stimulus cause the Na+ gates to open, and Na+ ions rush into the cell. This causes the membrane to become depolarized, with the outside of the cell being less positive than the inside. ...
nerve impulse
... concentration of ions across their membranes Membrane potential: slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane (Figure 12-14) Difference in electrical charge is called potential because it is a ...
... concentration of ions across their membranes Membrane potential: slight excess of positively charged ions on the outside of the membrane and slight deficiency of positively charged ions on the inside of the membrane (Figure 12-14) Difference in electrical charge is called potential because it is a ...
bio 342 human physiology
... 2. Which are true of touch and proprioception pathways? a) Second order neurons are located in the dorsal column nuclei b) Axons of first order neurons travel in the spinothalamic tract c) Axons of first order neurons decussate (cross the midline) in the spinal ...
... 2. Which are true of touch and proprioception pathways? a) Second order neurons are located in the dorsal column nuclei b) Axons of first order neurons travel in the spinothalamic tract c) Axons of first order neurons decussate (cross the midline) in the spinal ...
Chapter 12 Nervous System Cells
... • Stages of repair of an axon in a peripheral motor neuron – Following injury, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates – Macrophages remove the debris – Remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to the effector – New Schwann cells grow in the tunnel to ...
... • Stages of repair of an axon in a peripheral motor neuron – Following injury, distal portion of axon and myelin sheath degenerates – Macrophages remove the debris – Remaining neurilemma and endoneurium form a tunnel from the point of injury to the effector – New Schwann cells grow in the tunnel to ...
Myasthenia Gravis
... Myasthenia Gravis (pronounced My-as-theen-ee-a Grav-us) comes from the Greek and Latin words meaning "grave muscular weakness." The most common form of MG is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscle groups. The prevalence of MG ...
... Myasthenia Gravis (pronounced My-as-theen-ee-a Grav-us) comes from the Greek and Latin words meaning "grave muscular weakness." The most common form of MG is a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disorder that is characterized by fluctuating weakness of the voluntary muscle groups. The prevalence of MG ...
Chapter 48 – Nervous Systems
... 7) Explain why the membrane potential of a resting neuron is typically around –60 to –80 mV. 8) Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential. 9) Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated channels in this process. 10) ...
... 7) Explain why the membrane potential of a resting neuron is typically around –60 to –80 mV. 8) Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential. 9) Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated channels in this process. 10) ...
Chapter 48 – Nervous Systems
... 7) Explain why the membrane potential of a resting neuron is typically around –60 to –80 mV. 8) Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential. 9) Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated channels in this process. 10) ...
... 7) Explain why the membrane potential of a resting neuron is typically around –60 to –80 mV. 8) Explain the role of the sodium-potassium pump in maintaining the resting potential. 9) Describe the characteristics of an action potential. Explain the role of voltage-gated channels in this process. 10) ...
The Nervous System
... • Under certain conditions, membrane potential will reach threshold and result in an Action Potential • The action potential, in turn, results in transmitter release at the axon endings ...
... • Under certain conditions, membrane potential will reach threshold and result in an Action Potential • The action potential, in turn, results in transmitter release at the axon endings ...
Outline14 Efferent NS
... cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue sympathetic division parasympathetic division A. Somatic Motor Division - somatic motor neurons activate skeletal muscles - voluntary (mostly): control of movement, posture, breathing 1. Somatic Motor Pathway - one motor neuron pathway from CNS t ...
... cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands, adipose tissue sympathetic division parasympathetic division A. Somatic Motor Division - somatic motor neurons activate skeletal muscles - voluntary (mostly): control of movement, posture, breathing 1. Somatic Motor Pathway - one motor neuron pathway from CNS t ...
Central nervous system
... – small, unmyelinated fibers = 0.5 - 2.0 m/sec – small, myelinated fibers = 3 - 15.0 m/sec – large, myelinated fibers = up to 120 m/sec ...
... – small, unmyelinated fibers = 0.5 - 2.0 m/sec – small, myelinated fibers = 3 - 15.0 m/sec – large, myelinated fibers = up to 120 m/sec ...
Neuroanatomy Handout #1: The Motor Neuron
... (polarization) between the electrical charge of two places (less likely to fire) • Depolarization refers to decreasing the polarization towards zero (more likely to fire) • The threshold of excitement refers any stimulation beyond a certain level that results in a massive depolarization (action pote ...
... (polarization) between the electrical charge of two places (less likely to fire) • Depolarization refers to decreasing the polarization towards zero (more likely to fire) • The threshold of excitement refers any stimulation beyond a certain level that results in a massive depolarization (action pote ...
Module Two
... appearance in those neurons? We will see that neurons do create a neural network crucial to communication…what you will also learn is that as much as they look like a web, neurons do not actually touch 1111 ...
... appearance in those neurons? We will see that neurons do create a neural network crucial to communication…what you will also learn is that as much as they look like a web, neurons do not actually touch 1111 ...
So it is the number of action potentials per second
... 4. Eventually potassium would be entering the neuron at the same rate it is leaving. 5. Sodium is also moving across the membrane. There is a higher concentration outside the cell than inside so sodium moves into the cell. 6. This also would eventually end up at equilibrium such that the concentrati ...
... 4. Eventually potassium would be entering the neuron at the same rate it is leaving. 5. Sodium is also moving across the membrane. There is a higher concentration outside the cell than inside so sodium moves into the cell. 6. This also would eventually end up at equilibrium such that the concentrati ...
How is the Nervous System Organized? Class Objectives:
... This is an “all-or-nothing” response Once the electrical impulse reaches a ____________________________________________ it fires and moves all the way down the axon. ...
... This is an “all-or-nothing” response Once the electrical impulse reaches a ____________________________________________ it fires and moves all the way down the axon. ...
Nervous System - Creston High School
... and skilled skeletal muscle, functions in intellectual and emotional processing. Shows lateralization of function – Most people the left hemisphere is dominant and is specialized for language and mathematical skills – The right hemisphere is more concerned with visualspatial skills and creative en ...
... and skilled skeletal muscle, functions in intellectual and emotional processing. Shows lateralization of function – Most people the left hemisphere is dominant and is specialized for language and mathematical skills – The right hemisphere is more concerned with visualspatial skills and creative en ...
The Nervous System
... other neurons, pain receptors, light excites receptors in the eye, etc. 2. Once the neuron is stimulated the “sodium gates” of the neuron open and sodium ions begin flowing across the cell membrane. This is called Depolarization: a decrease in membrane potential (inside less negative) increases the ...
... other neurons, pain receptors, light excites receptors in the eye, etc. 2. Once the neuron is stimulated the “sodium gates” of the neuron open and sodium ions begin flowing across the cell membrane. This is called Depolarization: a decrease in membrane potential (inside less negative) increases the ...
Acetylcholine
... Neurotransmitters are the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers. And they and their close relatives are produced by some glands such as the pituit ...
... Neurotransmitters are the chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. They are also found at the axon endings of motor neurons, where they stimulate the muscle fibers. And they and their close relatives are produced by some glands such as the pituit ...
NERVOUS SYSTEM
... Only the latter two stimuli can depolarize the membrane to its threshold potential, which for most neurons is between -30 and -50 mv, or about 15 mV above membrane's resting potential. Threshold must be reached before an AP can be fired! Molecular Events Underlying the Action Potential: The membrane ...
... Only the latter two stimuli can depolarize the membrane to its threshold potential, which for most neurons is between -30 and -50 mv, or about 15 mV above membrane's resting potential. Threshold must be reached before an AP can be fired! Molecular Events Underlying the Action Potential: The membrane ...
End-plate potential
End plate potentials (EPPs) are the depolarizations of skeletal muscle fibers caused by neurotransmitters binding to the postsynaptic membrane in the neuromuscular junction. They are called ""end plates"" because the postsynaptic terminals of muscle fibers have a large, saucer-like appearance. When an action potential reaches the axon terminal of a motor neuron, vesicles carrying neurotransmitters (mostly acetylcholine) are exocytosed and the contents are released into the neuromuscular junction. These neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic membrane and lead to its depolarization. In the absence of an action potential, acetylcholine vesicles spontaneously leak into the neuromuscular junction and cause very small depolarizations in the postsynaptic membrane. This small response (~0.5mV) is called a miniature end plate potential (MEPP) and is generated by one acetylcholine-containing vesicle. It represents the smallest possible depolarization which can be induced in a muscle.