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Neurons with Two Sites of Synaptic Integration Learn Invariant
... Several algorithms have been put forward for learning invariances in neural systems corresponding to these principles. Most notable are studies where variables are extracted from the input that smoothly vary in time (principle 1, proposed by Hinton, 1989; Földiak, 1991; Stone & Bray, 1995) or space ...
... Several algorithms have been put forward for learning invariances in neural systems corresponding to these principles. Most notable are studies where variables are extracted from the input that smoothly vary in time (principle 1, proposed by Hinton, 1989; Földiak, 1991; Stone & Bray, 1995) or space ...
Chapter 08: The Chemical Senses
... mediate outflow of chloride ions : Unusually high intracellular Clconc. enhance depolarization (in contrast to what happens in other neurons) ...
... mediate outflow of chloride ions : Unusually high intracellular Clconc. enhance depolarization (in contrast to what happens in other neurons) ...
Specialized Neurons, Their Characteristics And
... This article introduces a fresh theory of consciousness based on complex neural circuitry, as envisioned from the novel perspective of electrical circuit science. Circuit science goes well beyond molecular science to show a need for certain specialized neurons during everyday brain operations. For e ...
... This article introduces a fresh theory of consciousness based on complex neural circuitry, as envisioned from the novel perspective of electrical circuit science. Circuit science goes well beyond molecular science to show a need for certain specialized neurons during everyday brain operations. For e ...
Central nervous system control of food intake and body
... central nervous system (CNS) processes information of surprising variety and complexity. With the aid of cognitive, visual and olfactory cues, food items must first be identified and distinguished from a nearly infinite array of potentially toxic environmental constituents. Using taste information, ...
... central nervous system (CNS) processes information of surprising variety and complexity. With the aid of cognitive, visual and olfactory cues, food items must first be identified and distinguished from a nearly infinite array of potentially toxic environmental constituents. Using taste information, ...
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... as they have been developed in the past century. The proposed linguistic levels—phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and semantics—may be more useful as an educational and analytic heuristic than for describing the biology of human language and language disturbance. Their status as aut ...
... as they have been developed in the past century. The proposed linguistic levels—phonetics, phonology, morphology, lexicon, syntax, and semantics—may be more useful as an educational and analytic heuristic than for describing the biology of human language and language disturbance. Their status as aut ...
Auditory Brain Development in Children With Hearing Loss– Part One
... stimulation was observed both in primary and secondary audicomes into our minds reduces to patterns of neural activity,” tory cortices. Also of note is that this broad area of auditory according to Kai-How Farh, MD, a clinical geneticist at Bosactivation occurred bilaterally, even though the partici ...
... stimulation was observed both in primary and secondary audicomes into our minds reduces to patterns of neural activity,” tory cortices. Also of note is that this broad area of auditory according to Kai-How Farh, MD, a clinical geneticist at Bosactivation occurred bilaterally, even though the partici ...
A Beginner`s Guide to the Mathematics of Neural Networks
... `trained'. They gradually `learn' to perform tasks by being presented with examples of what they are supposed to do. The key question then is to understand the relationships between the network performance for a given type of task, the choice of `learning rule' (the recipe for the modi cation of the ...
... `trained'. They gradually `learn' to perform tasks by being presented with examples of what they are supposed to do. The key question then is to understand the relationships between the network performance for a given type of task, the choice of `learning rule' (the recipe for the modi cation of the ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
Ontogeny of Brain Nuclei Controlling Song Learning and Behavior
... Song behavior is a sexually dimorphic activity in many species of passerine birds. Males learn to produce a species-typical song during a so-called “critical” or sensitive period of development, whereas females sing very little or not at all (e.g., see Bottjer and Arnold, 1985, for a review). In zeb ...
... Song behavior is a sexually dimorphic activity in many species of passerine birds. Males learn to produce a species-typical song during a so-called “critical” or sensitive period of development, whereas females sing very little or not at all (e.g., see Bottjer and Arnold, 1985, for a review). In zeb ...
Document
... 1. Gray Matter (Composed of Neurons & Cell Bodies) a. Place where computation takes place and memories are stored. 2. White Matter (Axons) a. Determines the speed at which information can be processed. 3. The density of gray and white matter in the brain are determined by genes and environmental fac ...
... 1. Gray Matter (Composed of Neurons & Cell Bodies) a. Place where computation takes place and memories are stored. 2. White Matter (Axons) a. Determines the speed at which information can be processed. 3. The density of gray and white matter in the brain are determined by genes and environmental fac ...
An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... One common method to monitor in vivo activity is to record electromyograms with extracellular electrodes which pick up action potentials or summated synaptic potentials of muscles. By placing the electrodes in different muscles of the animal, it is possible to monitor muscle activity patterns during ...
... One common method to monitor in vivo activity is to record electromyograms with extracellular electrodes which pick up action potentials or summated synaptic potentials of muscles. By placing the electrodes in different muscles of the animal, it is possible to monitor muscle activity patterns during ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping action in the Context condition explains the lack of increased si ...
... in largely similar cortical areas, with the notable exceptions of the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region and inferior parietal lobule. The STS region is known to respond to biological motion [28,29], and the absence of the grasping action in the Context condition explains the lack of increased si ...
Chemosensory pathways in the brainstem controlling
... and molecular mechanisms of central chemosensitivity as well as the neural basis for the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory inputs within the medulla remain challenging issues, but ones that have some emerging answers. Keywords: chemosensitivity; hypercapnia; hypoxia; medulla oblonga ...
... and molecular mechanisms of central chemosensitivity as well as the neural basis for the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory inputs within the medulla remain challenging issues, but ones that have some emerging answers. Keywords: chemosensitivity; hypercapnia; hypoxia; medulla oblonga ...
Formation of Complement Membrane Attack Complex in Mammalian
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
... the deposition of immune complexes in normal tissue. This complex system can be activated by diverse mechanisms proceeding through distinct pathways, yet all converge on a final common pathway in which five proteins assemble into a multimolecular complex, the membrane attack complex (MAC). The MAC i ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... Embryonic stages are described in Stent et al. (1982). Adult and juvenile Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in se ...
... Embryonic stages are described in Stent et al. (1982). Adult and juvenile Helobdella were taken from laboratory breeding colonies, while adult leeches of another glossiphoniid species, Theromyzon rude, were captured in the wild and kindly provided to us by Duncan Stuart. Ablating AS precursors in se ...
SPINAL ANATOMY - Circle of Docs
... 21. All of the following statements are true of the sciatic nerve except A. the supply of the muscles of the back of the thigh B. the largest nerve in the body C. composed of the tibial nerve and the common popliteal nerve D. passes out of the pelvis at the ...
... 21. All of the following statements are true of the sciatic nerve except A. the supply of the muscles of the back of the thigh B. the largest nerve in the body C. composed of the tibial nerve and the common popliteal nerve D. passes out of the pelvis at the ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor mRNA Expression in the Brain of the Teleost
... ‘Saffan’, Schering-Plough Animal Health, IE). For RNA extraction, fresh brain tissue was dissected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 ° C. For histology, each anaesthetized eel was perfused through the heart with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing proca ...
... ‘Saffan’, Schering-Plough Animal Health, IE). For RNA extraction, fresh brain tissue was dissected, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80 ° C. For histology, each anaesthetized eel was perfused through the heart with phosphate-buffered saline solution (PBS; 0.1 M, pH 7.4) containing proca ...
Sleep-wake cycles: EEG
... • Wakefulness: fast, low voltage and desynchronized electrical activity (bwaves) • Sleep: progressively slower, higher voltage and more synchronized electrical activity of the cortex (awaves) • REM-sleep: partial arousal without wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activit ...
... • Wakefulness: fast, low voltage and desynchronized electrical activity (bwaves) • Sleep: progressively slower, higher voltage and more synchronized electrical activity of the cortex (awaves) • REM-sleep: partial arousal without wakefulness characterized by desynchronized electrical cortical activit ...
Cranial Nerve I
... Classification of Nerves • Most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers • Pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are rare • Types of fibers in mixed nerves: • Somatic afferent and somatic efferent ...
... Classification of Nerves • Most nerves are mixtures of afferent and efferent fibers and somatic and autonomic (visceral) fibers • Pure sensory (afferent) or motor (efferent) nerves are rare • Types of fibers in mixed nerves: • Somatic afferent and somatic efferent ...
Harris KD. Neural signatures of cell assembly organization. Nat Rev
... processes beyond simple stimulus– response associations. Accordingly, spike trains show a temporal structure that is stimulus-dependent and more variable than would be predicted by strict sensory control. We propose four signatures of assembly organization that can be experimentally tested. We argue ...
... processes beyond simple stimulus– response associations. Accordingly, spike trains show a temporal structure that is stimulus-dependent and more variable than would be predicted by strict sensory control. We propose four signatures of assembly organization that can be experimentally tested. We argue ...
NIH Public Access
... corticospinal (Fig. 2) and raphespinal tract growth and enhances functional recovery after SCI, although this phenotype is modulated by strain background, age and axonal tract (Kim et al. 2003b;Simonen et al. 2003;Zheng et al. 2003;Dimou et al., 2006). Even after controlling for these factors, certa ...
... corticospinal (Fig. 2) and raphespinal tract growth and enhances functional recovery after SCI, although this phenotype is modulated by strain background, age and axonal tract (Kim et al. 2003b;Simonen et al. 2003;Zheng et al. 2003;Dimou et al., 2006). Even after controlling for these factors, certa ...
Document
... The sympathetic mobilizes the body during extreme situations (“fight or flight”) The parasympathetic performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (“sit and shit”; “rest and digest”) The two divisions counterbalance each other’s activity ...
... The sympathetic mobilizes the body during extreme situations (“fight or flight”) The parasympathetic performs maintenance activities and conserves body energy (“sit and shit”; “rest and digest”) The two divisions counterbalance each other’s activity ...
STDP produces robust oscillatory architectures that exhibit precise
... populations that are designed to produce an oscillatory response to any input. The work illustrated how neural models display greater spectral complexity during synchronization than the simple Kuramoto oscillator model, with several oscillatory frequencies coexisting within an individual neural osci ...
... populations that are designed to produce an oscillatory response to any input. The work illustrated how neural models display greater spectral complexity during synchronization than the simple Kuramoto oscillator model, with several oscillatory frequencies coexisting within an individual neural osci ...
Serotonergic Psychedelics Temporarily Modify Information Transfer
... Background: Psychedelics induce intense modifications in the sensorium, the sense of “self,” and the experience of reality. Despite advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular level mechanisms of these drugs, knowledge of their actions on global brain dynamics is still incomplete. Re ...
... Background: Psychedelics induce intense modifications in the sensorium, the sense of “self,” and the experience of reality. Despite advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular level mechanisms of these drugs, knowledge of their actions on global brain dynamics is still incomplete. Re ...
Anatomy of Olivocochlear Neurons
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
... Both groups of OC neurons have fibers that branch extensively in the cochlea (Fig. 2.3). The end result of the branching is that a relatively small number of OC neurons gives rise to numerous synapses in the cochlea. LOC fibers synapse mainly on dendrites of auditory nerve fibers beneath IHCs. In th ...
Neuroanatomy
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Sobo_1909_624.png?width=300)
Neuroanatomy is the study of the anatomy and stereotyped organization of nervous systems. In contrast to animals with radial symmetry, whose nervous system consists of a distributed network of cells, animals with bilateral symmetry have segregated, defined nervous systems, and thus we can make much more precise statements about their neuroanatomy. In vertebrates, the nervous system is segregated into the internal structure of the brain and spinal cord (together called the central nervous system, or CNS) and the routes of the nerves that connect to the rest of the body (known as the peripheral nervous system, or PNS). The delineation of distinct structures and regions of the nervous system has been critical in investigating how it works. For example, much of what neuroscientists have learned comes from observing how damage or ""lesions"" to specific brain areas affects behavior or other neural functions.For information about the composition of animal nervous systems, see nervous system. For information about the typical structure of the human nervous system, see human brain or peripheral nervous system. This article discusses information pertinent to the study of neuroanatomy.