Production of nerve growth factor by
... degenerating neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been previously shown that b-amyloid peptide induces inflammatory-like responses in astrocytes, leading to neuronal pathology. Reactive astrocytes up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which can modulate neuronal survival by signaling through ...
... degenerating neurons in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It has been previously shown that b-amyloid peptide induces inflammatory-like responses in astrocytes, leading to neuronal pathology. Reactive astrocytes up-regulate nerve growth factor (NGF), which can modulate neuronal survival by signaling through ...
The role of NADPH oxidase (NOX) enzymes in neurodegenerative
... (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and polyglutamine disease, have arisen. NOX enzymes are transmembrane proteins and generate reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons across lipid membranes. Under normal healthy conditions, low levels of ROS produced by NOX enzymes have been shown t ...
... (ALS), Alzheimer’s (AD), Parkinson’s (PD) and polyglutamine disease, have arisen. NOX enzymes are transmembrane proteins and generate reactive oxygen species by transporting electrons across lipid membranes. Under normal healthy conditions, low levels of ROS produced by NOX enzymes have been shown t ...
Huntington disease models and human neuropathology: similarities
... made in animal models with those occurring in the human HD brains is as diverse as are the number of investigators, thus of debatable cogency. A consensual language is missing between investigators using engineered animal models and neuropathologists or neuroscientists involved mainly with human HD ...
... made in animal models with those occurring in the human HD brains is as diverse as are the number of investigators, thus of debatable cogency. A consensual language is missing between investigators using engineered animal models and neuropathologists or neuroscientists involved mainly with human HD ...
The Living World - Chapter 28 - McGraw Hill Higher Education
... Supplements the fish’s sense of hearing Fish are able to sense objects that reflect pressure waves and low-frequency vibrations The system consists of canals running the length of the fish’s body under the skin Canals have sensory structures containing hair cells projecting into a gelatinous cupula ...
... Supplements the fish’s sense of hearing Fish are able to sense objects that reflect pressure waves and low-frequency vibrations The system consists of canals running the length of the fish’s body under the skin Canals have sensory structures containing hair cells projecting into a gelatinous cupula ...
Thinking in circuits: toward neurobiological explanation in cognitive
... whereby the structural-neuroanatomical information manifest in network structure is in part genetic or epigenetic in nature. Sensory and motor mechanisms, along with generators of internal rhythms and resultant spontaneous behaviors, are further important factors in building cell assemblies. What ma ...
... whereby the structural-neuroanatomical information manifest in network structure is in part genetic or epigenetic in nature. Sensory and motor mechanisms, along with generators of internal rhythms and resultant spontaneous behaviors, are further important factors in building cell assemblies. What ma ...
05. Motor Pathways 2011.jnt
... 2. Recognize the names the corticospinal tract has in different regions of the brain stem, even though the axons are the same. 3. Name the different blood vessels that supply the corticospinal fibers at different levels of the CNS. 4. Locate nuclei with lower motor neurons in the brain stem. Explain ...
... 2. Recognize the names the corticospinal tract has in different regions of the brain stem, even though the axons are the same. 3. Name the different blood vessels that supply the corticospinal fibers at different levels of the CNS. 4. Locate nuclei with lower motor neurons in the brain stem. Explain ...
NEURAL NETWORK DYNAMICS
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
... selectivity, and other features of neuronal responses to sensory input (reviewed, for example, in Dayan & Abbott 2001). In the absence of that input, neurons in these models are typically silent. Although this approach has had considerable success in accounting for response properties in primary sen ...
Temporal Sequence Detection with Spiking Neurons: Towards
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
... active dendrites and dynamic synapses in an integrated model. For a long time, dendrites have been thought to be the structures where complex neuronal computation takes place, but only recently have we begun to understand how they operate. The dendrites do not simply collect and pass synaptic inputs ...
Cholinergic Basal Forebrain Neurons Burst with Theta during
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
... shown). A corresponding theta peak was evident on the EEG spectra in these regions (Fig. 3F ). The rhythmic burst discharge and cross-correlated theta activity were less consistently evident during active waking epochs than during PS epochs because of the transient appearance of theta activity, whic ...
A framework for the first-person internal sensation of visual
... of the synapses of those postsynaptic terminals will not be reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely dependin ...
... of the synapses of those postsynaptic terminals will not be reflected on the observed neuronal firing. (4) Fourth, the observed effect of a neuronal firing at its axonal terminals (presynaptic terminals) measured in terms of the firing of the neurons to which they synapse also varies widely dependin ...
The Features and Functions of Neuronal Assemblies: Possible
... action potentials traveling down axons and activating chemical transmitters at synapses with the neurons it contacts takes just over 1 ms. The speed of action potential propagation varies significantly across circuits in the brain as well as with the distance they travel, but even the slowest signal ...
... action potentials traveling down axons and activating chemical transmitters at synapses with the neurons it contacts takes just over 1 ms. The speed of action potential propagation varies significantly across circuits in the brain as well as with the distance they travel, but even the slowest signal ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... Neural circuits in the brain operate on the millisecond time scale via spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal spikes. Two-photon calcium imaging recently has enabled functional measurements from neuronal networks in vivo1, but its temporal resolution is limited compared to that of electrical recordings ...
... Neural circuits in the brain operate on the millisecond time scale via spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal spikes. Two-photon calcium imaging recently has enabled functional measurements from neuronal networks in vivo1, but its temporal resolution is limited compared to that of electrical recordings ...
Chapter 11 Fundamentals of Nervous System
... Repolarization – the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential Hyperpolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential ...
... Repolarization – the membrane returns to its resting membrane potential Hyperpolarization – the inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential ...
Orexin (Hypocretin)-Like Immunoreactivity in the Cat Hypothalamus
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
... intake and that the expression of orexin mRNA is increased by food deprivation. These observations suggest that a major function of the orexins is likely to be involved in the regulation of feeding behavior (reviewed in Ref. 3). Although neurons containing orexins are located exclusively in the LHA, ...
What We Know About the Brain and Learning
... the animal world. Neural templates will, when formed, influence cognitive functioning throughout life. Social and emotional organization will follow with the enormous influence of experience. Perhaps to a greater extent, the experience of the first five years of life will dominate the direction of t ...
... the animal world. Neural templates will, when formed, influence cognitive functioning throughout life. Social and emotional organization will follow with the enormous influence of experience. Perhaps to a greater extent, the experience of the first five years of life will dominate the direction of t ...
A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... using the terms `down state' and `up state', respectively, for these two modes of operation (Wilson 1995). The anatomical context of the basal ganglia is shown in Fig. 1b. Its principle input nuclei (striatum and STN) receive aerents from virtually the entire cerebral cortex, from the mid-line and ...
... using the terms `down state' and `up state', respectively, for these two modes of operation (Wilson 1995). The anatomical context of the basal ganglia is shown in Fig. 1b. Its principle input nuclei (striatum and STN) receive aerents from virtually the entire cerebral cortex, from the mid-line and ...
Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
patrick_ch22_p3
... Pumps protons out of the parietal cell and potassium ions back in Requires energy - provided by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, catalysed by ATPase The proton pump is also called H+/K+-ATPase Chloride ions depart through a separate ion channel HCl is formed in the canaliculus The potassium ions exit the p ...
... Pumps protons out of the parietal cell and potassium ions back in Requires energy - provided by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP, catalysed by ATPase The proton pump is also called H+/K+-ATPase Chloride ions depart through a separate ion channel HCl is formed in the canaliculus The potassium ions exit the p ...
Glial heterogeneity: the increasing complexity of the brain
... membrane protrusions. Not surprisingly, first profiling studies of astrocytes isolated from different brain regions display substantial differences in gene expression [4, 7, 23]. These include cell surface glycoproteins and components of the extracellular matrix, ion channels, neurotransmitter recep ...
... membrane protrusions. Not surprisingly, first profiling studies of astrocytes isolated from different brain regions display substantial differences in gene expression [4, 7, 23]. These include cell surface glycoproteins and components of the extracellular matrix, ion channels, neurotransmitter recep ...
Document
... that knockout of Engrailed using RNA interference alters the way the sensory axons grow, and more interestingly, alters the pattern of inputs onto their synaptic targets, the giant interneurons. Recently, we showed that this alteration in sensory input alters the animal’s perception of posterior win ...
... that knockout of Engrailed using RNA interference alters the way the sensory axons grow, and more interestingly, alters the pattern of inputs onto their synaptic targets, the giant interneurons. Recently, we showed that this alteration in sensory input alters the animal’s perception of posterior win ...
Four-body Statistical Potentials
... Four-Body Potentials Scoring Livebench 6 and CASP5 predictions Livebench Automated evaluation of structure prediction servers Set 6 had 32 “easy” and 66 “hard” targets CASP 5 3D coordinate models submitted for 56 targets Native structure of 33 targets has been released - rank 3D predictions using f ...
... Four-Body Potentials Scoring Livebench 6 and CASP5 predictions Livebench Automated evaluation of structure prediction servers Set 6 had 32 “easy” and 66 “hard” targets CASP 5 3D coordinate models submitted for 56 targets Native structure of 33 targets has been released - rank 3D predictions using f ...
Calcium-Independent Afterdepolarization Regulated by Serotonin in
... polarization and that there is a significant portion of the ADP that does not depend on calcium influx. Whereas previous studies found that intracellular calcium chelation could block the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium a ...
... polarization and that there is a significant portion of the ADP that does not depend on calcium influx. Whereas previous studies found that intracellular calcium chelation could block the ADP (Luthi and McCormick 1998), we found that a strong ADP survived even after buffering intracellular calcium a ...
File
... Recent empirical evidence supports NLP’s explanation for this difficulty in learning, and that direct modelling is an example of a context where internal dialogue hinders learning. Phase 2 of modelling – the disengagement of conscious (linguistic) filters and the unconscious uptake (implicit learnin ...
... Recent empirical evidence supports NLP’s explanation for this difficulty in learning, and that direct modelling is an example of a context where internal dialogue hinders learning. Phase 2 of modelling – the disengagement of conscious (linguistic) filters and the unconscious uptake (implicit learnin ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.