Olfaction in Invertebrates: Manduca. In: Squire LR (ed). Encyclopedia of Neuroscience, vol 7, pp 49-57. Oxford: Academic Press.
... which project to the lip region of the mushroom body (MB) and to the lateral protocerebrum, the LH. PNs in these two pathways have been analyzed more closely by intracellular recordings. PNs in the median antennocerebral tract (m-ACT) code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases i ...
... which project to the lip region of the mushroom body (MB) and to the lateral protocerebrum, the LH. PNs in these two pathways have been analyzed more closely by intracellular recordings. PNs in the median antennocerebral tract (m-ACT) code odors by latency differences or specific inhibitory phases i ...
Chapter 122: Neurocircuitry Of Parkinson`s Disease
... are being very actively pursued in hopes of discovering pathogenetic mechanism for parkinsonism in general. Inherited forms of parkinsonism in fact have been known for many years (11,24,113,270,272), and it has been shown that specific forms of parkinsonism may be caused by different genetic mechani ...
... are being very actively pursued in hopes of discovering pathogenetic mechanism for parkinsonism in general. Inherited forms of parkinsonism in fact have been known for many years (11,24,113,270,272), and it has been shown that specific forms of parkinsonism may be caused by different genetic mechani ...
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... July 15, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00418.2009. Two distinct mechanisms mediate potentiating effects of depolarization on synaptic transmission. Recently there has been renewed interest in a type of plasticity in which a neuron’s somatic membrane potential influences synaptic transmission. We study mechan ...
... July 15, 2009; doi:10.1152/jn.00418.2009. Two distinct mechanisms mediate potentiating effects of depolarization on synaptic transmission. Recently there has been renewed interest in a type of plasticity in which a neuron’s somatic membrane potential influences synaptic transmission. We study mechan ...
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... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
... eosinophilic cell bodies were remarkably shrunken with condensed and clumped nuclear chromatin at 12 to 48 hours (Figure 1A). These shrunken eosinophilic neurons were observed by EM as disseminated electron-dense dark neurons that were homogeneously condensed and surrounded by remarkably swollen ast ...
Taste
... • Their upper poles containing cilia that project from the taste pore. • Sensory nerve endings synapse with their lower poles. • Their life span is 1-2 week (10 days) 3. Basal cells: • They are stem cells for production of new receptor cells. ...
... • Their upper poles containing cilia that project from the taste pore. • Sensory nerve endings synapse with their lower poles. • Their life span is 1-2 week (10 days) 3. Basal cells: • They are stem cells for production of new receptor cells. ...
Pituitary hormones_E
... and the duration of action with nasal instillation, spray or s.c. injection, is 8–20 h (t1/2 75 min) so that, using it once to twice daily, patients are not inconvenienced by frequent recurrence of polyuria during their waking hours and can also expect to spend the night continuously in bed. The adu ...
... and the duration of action with nasal instillation, spray or s.c. injection, is 8–20 h (t1/2 75 min) so that, using it once to twice daily, patients are not inconvenienced by frequent recurrence of polyuria during their waking hours and can also expect to spend the night continuously in bed. The adu ...
Topography of Modular Subunits in the Mushroom Bodies of the
... Kenyon cells make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. Previously, we reported that the a lobe of the cockroach MB consists of repetitive modular subunits (Mizunami et al. [1997] Neurosci. Lett. 229:153–156). Each subunit is composed of a dark layer and a light layer, a ...
... Kenyon cells make synaptic connections with dendrites of extrinsic (output) neurons. Previously, we reported that the a lobe of the cockroach MB consists of repetitive modular subunits (Mizunami et al. [1997] Neurosci. Lett. 229:153–156). Each subunit is composed of a dark layer and a light layer, a ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... of HPA axis signaling and increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and extra-hypothalamic neurons. During chronic stress-induced inhibition of systemic feedback, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were significantly cha ...
... of HPA axis signaling and increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and extra-hypothalamic neurons. During chronic stress-induced inhibition of systemic feedback, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were significantly cha ...
The Neurophysiological Basis of Learning and Memory in Advanced
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
... (Figures 24.4A and 24.4B), a muscarinic receptor antagonist that also blocks the synaptic potential at the neuromuscular junctions of the octopus arm.34 Hexamethonium also blocked both spontaneous and evoked spiking activity recorded from the large neuron axonal bundles (Figures 24.4B and 24.4D). As ...
Drosophila as a Model Organism for the Study of
... Dopaminergic: In humans, the dopaminergic system is the target of many addictive substances. Drosophila also has a dopaminergic system, comprising over a hundred neurons spread over some 15 clusters per adult brain hemisphere (Mao and Davis 2009, and references therein). The pharmacology of the Dros ...
... Dopaminergic: In humans, the dopaminergic system is the target of many addictive substances. Drosophila also has a dopaminergic system, comprising over a hundred neurons spread over some 15 clusters per adult brain hemisphere (Mao and Davis 2009, and references therein). The pharmacology of the Dros ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
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... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
... 2.1 Houk, Adams and Barto (1995) One of the first actor-critic models of the basal ganglia was presented by Houk et al. (1995). This model suggests that striosomal modules fulfill the main functions of the adaptive critic, whereas matrix modules function as an actor. Striosomal modules comprise of ...
construction of a model demonstrating neural pathways and reflex arcs
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
... The spinal cord is protected by the vertebrae (backbone) asit passesdown the vertebral canal. The spinal cord terminates between the first two lumbar vertebrae in most adults. Neurons in the spinal cord are also functionally arranged so that areas dealing with the same types of information are group ...
Surround suppression explained by long-range
... coding efficiency8, 9 . This is beneficial because strong correlations across a neuronal population can impair the ability to extract information from their response to sensory stimuli10, 11 . “Sparse coding” of responses to sensory stimuli is therefore a valuable goal for cortex: sparse coding serv ...
... coding efficiency8, 9 . This is beneficial because strong correlations across a neuronal population can impair the ability to extract information from their response to sensory stimuli10, 11 . “Sparse coding” of responses to sensory stimuli is therefore a valuable goal for cortex: sparse coding serv ...
New Concepts of the Neuroendocrine Regulation of Gonadotropin
... mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized using mediobasal hypothalamic, multi-unit recordings in monkeys [16], sheep [17], goats [18], and rats [19]. Although thes ...
... mechanisms that govern the pulsatile LHRH release process, however, remain poorly understood. Electrophysiological correlates of pulse generator activity have been characterized using mediobasal hypothalamic, multi-unit recordings in monkeys [16], sheep [17], goats [18], and rats [19]. Although thes ...
A consensus sequence in the endothelin
... Statistics. Data are reported as means ⫾ SE. Statistical significance was determined using a paired Student’s t-test (NHE3 activity studies) or ANOVA (binding studies) and set at P ⬍ 0.05. RESULTS ...
... Statistics. Data are reported as means ⫾ SE. Statistical significance was determined using a paired Student’s t-test (NHE3 activity studies) or ANOVA (binding studies) and set at P ⬍ 0.05. RESULTS ...
Oscillatory Neural Fields for Globally Optimal Path Planning
... states increase. Figure 4, shows how this increase varies with the neuron's effective dynamic range. The surprising thing about this result is that for neurons with as little as 3 bits of effective dynamic range the LTA distribution is free of spurious maxima. Even with less than 3 bits of dynamic r ...
... states increase. Figure 4, shows how this increase varies with the neuron's effective dynamic range. The surprising thing about this result is that for neurons with as little as 3 bits of effective dynamic range the LTA distribution is free of spurious maxima. Even with less than 3 bits of dynamic r ...
Inflammation-Induced Gene Expression in Brain and Adrenal Gland Linda Engström
... a process termed homeostasis. Thus, in response to the homeostatic challenge posed by infectious agents, the autonomic nervous system answers to signals from the immune system and elicits adaptive physiological and behavioral reactions. These so called sickness responses include fever, anorexia, hyp ...
... a process termed homeostasis. Thus, in response to the homeostatic challenge posed by infectious agents, the autonomic nervous system answers to signals from the immune system and elicits adaptive physiological and behavioral reactions. These so called sickness responses include fever, anorexia, hyp ...
RHYTHM GENERATION IN SPINAL CULTURES: IS IT THE
... 1.1.1. Rhythms as an important feature of CNS function. Neural networks of many regions of the CNS are able to generate synchronized rhythmic activity. In humans rhythmic cortical activity has been recorded for years with electroencephalography (EEG). The various frequency bands which are observed i ...
... 1.1.1. Rhythms as an important feature of CNS function. Neural networks of many regions of the CNS are able to generate synchronized rhythmic activity. In humans rhythmic cortical activity has been recorded for years with electroencephalography (EEG). The various frequency bands which are observed i ...
An ultra small array of electrodes for stimulating multiple
... the same pair of electrodes (“Electrodes A”). Note the strong facilitation. The third EPSC was in response to a bipolar stimulus on a different pair of electrodes 8 m away (“Electrodes B”). The fourth EPSC was evoked by the same pair of electrodes as the first two EPSCs. Note the absence of facilit ...
... the same pair of electrodes (“Electrodes A”). Note the strong facilitation. The third EPSC was in response to a bipolar stimulus on a different pair of electrodes 8 m away (“Electrodes B”). The fourth EPSC was evoked by the same pair of electrodes as the first two EPSCs. Note the absence of facilit ...
Lemniscal recurrent and transcortical influences on
... given the small receptive fields of the CL neurons. Additional mechanisms to synchronize CL neurons may be necessary to drive thalamocortical cells of the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus. The activation of CL neurons by intranuclear recurrent collateral branches of CL axons and via the lemniscal ...
... given the small receptive fields of the CL neurons. Additional mechanisms to synchronize CL neurons may be necessary to drive thalamocortical cells of the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nucleus. The activation of CL neurons by intranuclear recurrent collateral branches of CL axons and via the lemniscal ...
Pearson SA, Mouihate A, Pittman QJ, Whelan PJ
... times for ENG; 500 –5000 times for EMG), bandpass-filtered (100 Hz–1 kHz), and digitized at 2 kHz (Axon Instruments Digidata 1320, Union City, CA) for future analysis. General protocol. The preparations were allowed to equilibrate in the recording chamber for ⬃1 hr. Then 10 min of control baseline a ...
... times for ENG; 500 –5000 times for EMG), bandpass-filtered (100 Hz–1 kHz), and digitized at 2 kHz (Axon Instruments Digidata 1320, Union City, CA) for future analysis. General protocol. The preparations were allowed to equilibrate in the recording chamber for ⬃1 hr. Then 10 min of control baseline a ...
Increased Mesolimbic GABA Concentration Blocks Heroin Self
... mediating opiate reinforcement, we hypothesize that, similar to the VTA, opiates also inhibit NAcc GABAergic projection cells that ultimately disinhibit postsynaptic VP neurons and VTA DA neurons. Such a mechanism may, in part, explain the proposed DA-independent opiate reward mechanism. To test the ...
... mediating opiate reinforcement, we hypothesize that, similar to the VTA, opiates also inhibit NAcc GABAergic projection cells that ultimately disinhibit postsynaptic VP neurons and VTA DA neurons. Such a mechanism may, in part, explain the proposed DA-independent opiate reward mechanism. To test the ...
Neurophysiological involvement in hypervolemic hyponatremia
... 2) removal of astrocytic restriction of AVP neuronal activity, and 3) damaging effects of protein tyrosine nitration on enzymes for glutamate conversion and on other functional molecules. These factors will be discussed in this review. ...
... 2) removal of astrocytic restriction of AVP neuronal activity, and 3) damaging effects of protein tyrosine nitration on enzymes for glutamate conversion and on other functional molecules. These factors will be discussed in this review. ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.