Representing Spatial Information for Limb - Research
... ment with the code during maintenance of static posture. It is well known that static cell discharge is monotonically related to the corresponding position of the hand in space in Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 ...
... ment with the code during maintenance of static posture. It is well known that static cell discharge is monotonically related to the corresponding position of the hand in space in Ml (Georgopoulos et al., 1984; Georgopoulos and Massey, 1985; Kettner et al., 1988), PMd (Caminiti et al., 1991), area 2 ...
Activity of Defined Mushroom Body Output Neurons
... blocking all mushroom body neuron output has little consequence on these behaviors (Heimbeck et al., 2001; Parnas et al., 2013). In contrast, disrupting the mushroom body has long been known to impair learned responses (Heisenberg et al., 1985; Dubnau et al., 2001; McGuire et al., 2001; Schwaerzel e ...
... blocking all mushroom body neuron output has little consequence on these behaviors (Heimbeck et al., 2001; Parnas et al., 2013). In contrast, disrupting the mushroom body has long been known to impair learned responses (Heisenberg et al., 1985; Dubnau et al., 2001; McGuire et al., 2001; Schwaerzel e ...
Evolution of central pattern generators and rhythmic behaviours
... produce divergent behaviours from the same set of neurons. For example, two species of nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which is the common laboratory species, and Pristionchus pacificus, a predatory nematode, each have individually identifiable neurons. The pharyngeal system used for feeding in bo ...
... produce divergent behaviours from the same set of neurons. For example, two species of nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, which is the common laboratory species, and Pristionchus pacificus, a predatory nematode, each have individually identifiable neurons. The pharyngeal system used for feeding in bo ...
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... a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neu ...
... a. it is not being stimulated. b. the gates that control the passage of potassium ions are closed. c. there is a greater concentration of positively charged sodium ions inside the cell body than outside of it. d. it has a slightly positive charge. e. it lacks potential energy. ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Neu ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
... as a relay for baroreflex-mediated sympathoinhibition (28). We have previously shown that activation of FTG neurons increases systemic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and decreases heart rate (HR) (28). However, the neural mechanisms mediating these cardiovascular responses were not known. Various nuc ...
DECODING NEURONAL FIRING AND MODELING NEURAL
... The spike train produced by a single neuron can be extremely complex, reflecting in part the complexity of the underlying neuronal dynamics, problem ii). A method for analyzing neuronal spike trains based on a linear filter (Bialek 1989; Bialek et al., 1991; Reike, 1991) has been developed and appli ...
... The spike train produced by a single neuron can be extremely complex, reflecting in part the complexity of the underlying neuronal dynamics, problem ii). A method for analyzing neuronal spike trains based on a linear filter (Bialek 1989; Bialek et al., 1991; Reike, 1991) has been developed and appli ...
Chapter 2: Nerve Cells and Nerve Impulses
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
... 5. Prior to the work of Santiago Ramon y Cajal, what did many investigators believe? a. Nerves conducted impulses at the speed of light. b. Transmission across a synapse was just as fast as transmission along an axon. c. The tip of an axon physically merged with the next neuron. d. All neurons were ...
The peripheral nervous system-
... CNS has been breached by trauma the glial scar can consist of both reactive astrocytes and mesenchymal elements. This type of glial scar results in the reconstitution of a glial limiting membrane (glia limitans) along interfaces where the CNS parenchyma is exposed, thereby redefining the CNS/non-CNS ...
... CNS has been breached by trauma the glial scar can consist of both reactive astrocytes and mesenchymal elements. This type of glial scar results in the reconstitution of a glial limiting membrane (glia limitans) along interfaces where the CNS parenchyma is exposed, thereby redefining the CNS/non-CNS ...
Latest Findings in the Mechanisms of Cortical `Arousal`: `Enabling
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
... It has been traditional to consider both REM and waking states to be states of consciousness in the phenomenal sense of having conscious experiences; but to bestow that title to only waking states in the medical sense of being conscious of ones surroundings. While REM and waking states share some co ...
Article
... networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural ...
... networks known as central pattern generators (CPGs). CPGs produce rhythmic motor patterns in the absence of sensory feedback [1–3], and are found in many species including insects and mammals, sharing many similarities [4, 5]. CPG networks underlying locomotion exhibit features common to many neural ...
kwanPNAS08
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
Human brainstem preganglionic parasympathetic
... ~10 mm rostral to the obex, the ventral cell group was no longer present, whereas the dorsal group was still quite well developed, now situated medial to the nucleus tractus solitarius (Fig. 2F and G). At the level 9 mm rostral to the obex, only a few large NOS-positive neurons were found medial to ...
... ~10 mm rostral to the obex, the ventral cell group was no longer present, whereas the dorsal group was still quite well developed, now situated medial to the nucleus tractus solitarius (Fig. 2F and G). At the level 9 mm rostral to the obex, only a few large NOS-positive neurons were found medial to ...
Preparation for action: one of the key functions of motor cortex.
... desired information, retrieve related information from memory, manipulate and integrate all types of information, select the appropriate (motor) response, and then output the information necessary for initiating the response to particular brain areas. It is also needed to suppress unnecessary output ...
... desired information, retrieve related information from memory, manipulate and integrate all types of information, select the appropriate (motor) response, and then output the information necessary for initiating the response to particular brain areas. It is also needed to suppress unnecessary output ...
Anatomical organization of the central olfactory
... The puzzling transduction process, whereby the odorant signal transforms into an electric signal is one of the issues separating vertebrates and insects. In vertebrates, the chemosensory receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck ...
... The puzzling transduction process, whereby the odorant signal transforms into an electric signal is one of the issues separating vertebrates and insects. In vertebrates, the chemosensory receptors belong to the G-protein-coupled family that generates action potentials via intracellular events (Buck ...
Biological Cybernetics
... horizontal direction. As expected, the resolution reaches its optimum in the middle of the visual field. The corresponding value is ≈ 385◦ per neuron, i.e., with N neurons an angular resolution of about 385◦ /N is achieved. In the second step, the receptive field size distribution (Fig. 1b) is also ...
... horizontal direction. As expected, the resolution reaches its optimum in the middle of the visual field. The corresponding value is ≈ 385◦ per neuron, i.e., with N neurons an angular resolution of about 385◦ /N is achieved. In the second step, the receptive field size distribution (Fig. 1b) is also ...
Pain
... This type of referred pain occurs because both visceral and somatic afferents often converge on the same interneurons in the pain ...
... This type of referred pain occurs because both visceral and somatic afferents often converge on the same interneurons in the pain ...
Mirror Neurons: Findings and Functions
... In humans, two mirror neuron systems have been identified by brain imaging studies. The first one is situated in the parietal lobe, the premotor cortex and the pars opecularis. The pars opecularis, also called Broca’s Area, includes the IPL and the caudal part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and ...
... In humans, two mirror neuron systems have been identified by brain imaging studies. The first one is situated in the parietal lobe, the premotor cortex and the pars opecularis. The pars opecularis, also called Broca’s Area, includes the IPL and the caudal part of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and ...
Synaptic Depression and the Temporal Response Characteristics of
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
... nonlinearity (Dean and Tolhurst, 1986; Carandini and Heeger, 1994). Nonlinear temporal dynamics is likely to contribute to a number of features exhibited by V1 cells, including direction selectivity (Reid et al., 1991; Jagadeesh et al., 1993; Tolhurst and Heeger, 1997) and velocity tuning (Orban et ...
How the brain uses time to represent and process visual information
... For both D spike and D interval , we examined a wide range of values for q, since neural coincidence-detectors with precisions ranging from milliseconds to seconds have been identified [10], and the range of timescales for which firing rates influence synaptic efficacy is also large. Fortunately, th ...
... For both D spike and D interval , we examined a wide range of values for q, since neural coincidence-detectors with precisions ranging from milliseconds to seconds have been identified [10], and the range of timescales for which firing rates influence synaptic efficacy is also large. Fortunately, th ...
Neuronal-Derived Nitric Oxide and Somatodendritically Released
... from VP-eGFP transgenic rats, where eGFP expression is driven by the VP promoter, were used. Likewise, OT neurons were selected based on their lack of eGFP expression in brain slices from VP-eGFP transgenic ...
... from VP-eGFP transgenic rats, where eGFP expression is driven by the VP promoter, were used. Likewise, OT neurons were selected based on their lack of eGFP expression in brain slices from VP-eGFP transgenic ...
Mechanisms of cell migration in the nervous system
... nuclear movement (IKNM) linked to the cell cycle, moving basally (toward the pia) during G1 and apically (toward the ventricle) during G2 (Fig. 1 A, green cells). Asymmetric divisions of RG give rise to post-mitotic neurons or intermediate progenitors at the ventricular surface. In some brain region ...
... nuclear movement (IKNM) linked to the cell cycle, moving basally (toward the pia) during G1 and apically (toward the ventricle) during G2 (Fig. 1 A, green cells). Asymmetric divisions of RG give rise to post-mitotic neurons or intermediate progenitors at the ventricular surface. In some brain region ...
What Is the Nervous System?
... The cell body controls the cell’s basic functions. Axon Impulses travel along axons toward other cells. ...
... The cell body controls the cell’s basic functions. Axon Impulses travel along axons toward other cells. ...
What Is the Nervous System?
... The cell body controls the cell’s basic functions. Axon Impulses travel along axons toward other cells. ...
... The cell body controls the cell’s basic functions. Axon Impulses travel along axons toward other cells. ...
Neuron/Glia Relationships Observed Over Intervals
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.