Review Spectrin and calpain
... Over the past two decades, a significant focus of research has been on molecular processes leading to cell death. On the basis of numerous studies, a rise in the concentration of intracellular calcium has been identified as a primary trigger for pathology caused by various tissuedamaging factors. Su ...
... Over the past two decades, a significant focus of research has been on molecular processes leading to cell death. On the basis of numerous studies, a rise in the concentration of intracellular calcium has been identified as a primary trigger for pathology caused by various tissuedamaging factors. Su ...
The basal ganglia: from motor commands to the
... be ‘uncoupled6’ in time [24]. Recently, cell-type specific stimulation using optogenetic strategies has similarly shown that stimulation can be uncoupled from movement initiation [25]. Our proposal that the basal ganglia are critical for controlling the vigor of motor skill needs to be related to an ...
... be ‘uncoupled6’ in time [24]. Recently, cell-type specific stimulation using optogenetic strategies has similarly shown that stimulation can be uncoupled from movement initiation [25]. Our proposal that the basal ganglia are critical for controlling the vigor of motor skill needs to be related to an ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... contralateral visual hemifield, and any one neuron receives visual information from a discrete patch of visual space, known as the neuron’s receptive field (RF). MT neurons are highly selective for both the direction and speed of visual motion, and produce crisp responses to preferred stimuli that f ...
... contralateral visual hemifield, and any one neuron receives visual information from a discrete patch of visual space, known as the neuron’s receptive field (RF). MT neurons are highly selective for both the direction and speed of visual motion, and produce crisp responses to preferred stimuli that f ...
Document
... histamine, a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid. • Histamine • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. ...
... histamine, a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid. • Histamine • a compound synthesized from histidine, an amino acid • You are undoubtedly aware that antihistamines, which are used to treat allergies, can cause drowsiness. • They do so by blocking histamine H 1 receptors in the brain. ...
The PLAT domain of LOV-1 interacts with ATP-2 to
... The nematode C. elegans is a simple but powerful animal model for studying basic molecular mechanisms underlying human ADPKD. The C. elegans LOV-1 and PKD-2 proteins are homologues of human PC-1 and PC-2 (Barr and Sternberg, 1999; Barr et al., 2001). lov-1 (location of vulva) and pkd-2 act nonredund ...
... The nematode C. elegans is a simple but powerful animal model for studying basic molecular mechanisms underlying human ADPKD. The C. elegans LOV-1 and PKD-2 proteins are homologues of human PC-1 and PC-2 (Barr and Sternberg, 1999; Barr et al., 2001). lov-1 (location of vulva) and pkd-2 act nonredund ...
Hypothalamic Regulation of Sleep
... LC. In the rat, orexin-2 receptor mRNA is mainly expressed in cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, and posterior pretectal nuclei (Trivedi et al. 1998; Date et al. 1999). The LC receives the heaviest projection of orexincontaining fibers and intraventr ...
... LC. In the rat, orexin-2 receptor mRNA is mainly expressed in cerebral cortex, nucleus accumbens, subthalamic and paraventricular thalamic nuclei, and posterior pretectal nuclei (Trivedi et al. 1998; Date et al. 1999). The LC receives the heaviest projection of orexincontaining fibers and intraventr ...
descending projections from the trigeminal ganglion and
... descending connectivity with special emphasis on newly discovered efferent projections. Their chemical neuroanatomy under normal and abnormal conditions is also discussed. We provide data that TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both ...
... descending connectivity with special emphasis on newly discovered efferent projections. Their chemical neuroanatomy under normal and abnormal conditions is also discussed. We provide data that TG and MTN neurons have similarities and differences in their neurochemical content. On the one hand, both ...
full text pdf
... 1998b). They include fast and prolonged depolarization mediated by 5-HT3 and 5-HT1P receptors, respectively, and an indirect effect that involves the stimulation of cholinergic interneurons (supplying the SO neurons) via 5-HT3 receptor. Mawe and Kennedy (1998, 1999) have performed two experiments in ...
... 1998b). They include fast and prolonged depolarization mediated by 5-HT3 and 5-HT1P receptors, respectively, and an indirect effect that involves the stimulation of cholinergic interneurons (supplying the SO neurons) via 5-HT3 receptor. Mawe and Kennedy (1998, 1999) have performed two experiments in ...
Starosta, S., Güntürkün, O., Stüttgen, M.C., Stimulus
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
... A prerequisite for adaptive goal-directed behavior is that animals constantly evaluate action outcomes and relate them to both their antecedent behavior and to stimuli predictive of reward or non-reward. Here, we investigate whether single neurons in the avian nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), a mult ...
Andrea Kádár
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
... A dense network of both AGRP- and α-MSH-IR axons was observed in the PVN surrounding the TRH neurons. The density of the α-MSH-containing axons was slightly higher in the most anterior part of PVN, while the network of the AGRP-IR axons seemed to be denser in the posterior level of the PVN. In the s ...
tracts - Anatomický ústav 1. LF UK
... Spinal cord is supplied by spinal arteries coming from the branches of the subclavian artery and the descending aorta (aa. intercostales posteriores , aa . lumbales , a iliolumbalis , aa . sacrales laterales). They enter into the spinal canal through the foramen intervertebralia . Another source in ...
... Spinal cord is supplied by spinal arteries coming from the branches of the subclavian artery and the descending aorta (aa. intercostales posteriores , aa . lumbales , a iliolumbalis , aa . sacrales laterales). They enter into the spinal canal through the foramen intervertebralia . Another source in ...
Neuronal LRP1 Knockout in Adult Mice Leads to Impaired Brain
... decreased brain levels of cholesterol, sulfatide, galactosylceramide, and triglyceride. These lipid deficits correlate with progressive, age-dependent dendritic spine degeneration, synapse loss, neuroinflammation, memory loss, and eventual neurodegeneration. We further show that the levels of glutam ...
... decreased brain levels of cholesterol, sulfatide, galactosylceramide, and triglyceride. These lipid deficits correlate with progressive, age-dependent dendritic spine degeneration, synapse loss, neuroinflammation, memory loss, and eventual neurodegeneration. We further show that the levels of glutam ...
Cerebellar control of visceral responses–possible mechanisms
... active, they are subject to fastigial suppression leading to motility increases. If, however, no such spinal sympathetic reflex activity is going on, the same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on auto ...
... active, they are subject to fastigial suppression leading to motility increases. If, however, no such spinal sympathetic reflex activity is going on, the same fastigial stimulation may now depress motility by enhancing the inhibitory adrenergic discharge. Hence, when the cerebellar influence on auto ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
... the AN to the wait state. The AN encodes the CS–US associations by making CS triggered transitions to the state that represents the value of the predicted US. The CS–US associations are learned by biasing the competition between the positive and the negative state. In particular, the competition bia ...
Synaptogenesis in the human cortex occurs between - UvA-DARE
... dependent; repeated neuronal activity in certain brain circuits results in stabilization of those circuits, circuits that are not activated will be eliminated during the pruning process. This had been shown by Huizen et al. (1985, 1987, see figure 2), where the bioelectrical activity of rat cerebral ...
... dependent; repeated neuronal activity in certain brain circuits results in stabilization of those circuits, circuits that are not activated will be eliminated during the pruning process. This had been shown by Huizen et al. (1985, 1987, see figure 2), where the bioelectrical activity of rat cerebral ...
Document
... with an extracellular domain that includes four cysteine-rich motifs, a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain that includes a „death‟ domain similar to those present in other members of this family (Liepinsh et al.,1997; He and Garcia, 2004). p75 binds to all members of the neurotroph ...
... with an extracellular domain that includes four cysteine-rich motifs, a single transmembrane domain and a cytoplasmic domain that includes a „death‟ domain similar to those present in other members of this family (Liepinsh et al.,1997; He and Garcia, 2004). p75 binds to all members of the neurotroph ...
Decision Making in Recurrent Neuronal Circuits
... this computational perspective. The focus will be on basic computations: (1) accumulation of evidence (what is the cellular basis of temporal accumulation of information?), (2) formation of a categorical choice (what is the termination rule for a deliberation process in neuronal terms?); (3) reward- ...
... this computational perspective. The focus will be on basic computations: (1) accumulation of evidence (what is the cellular basis of temporal accumulation of information?), (2) formation of a categorical choice (what is the termination rule for a deliberation process in neuronal terms?); (3) reward- ...
A dendritic disinhibitory circuit mechanism for pathway
... but otherwise independent of each other. The somatic and dendritic compartments have no spatial extent themselves. This choice of morphology is inspired by previous studies showing that different dendritic branches can integrate their local input independently from one another20. A prominent feature ...
... but otherwise independent of each other. The somatic and dendritic compartments have no spatial extent themselves. This choice of morphology is inspired by previous studies showing that different dendritic branches can integrate their local input independently from one another20. A prominent feature ...
How do dendrites take their shape?
... as length, diameter, growth rate and molecular composition that are different from those characteristics in axons12. Second, dendrites extend in a defined direction and increase in diameter as they undergo the third step, formation of branches at defined intervals. Fourth, as dendrites elaborate, ma ...
... as length, diameter, growth rate and molecular composition that are different from those characteristics in axons12. Second, dendrites extend in a defined direction and increase in diameter as they undergo the third step, formation of branches at defined intervals. Fourth, as dendrites elaborate, ma ...
07.11 - UCSD Cognitive Science
... The motor response evoked at each stimulation site was determined by visual inspection and muscle palpation. The threshold current for each response was defined as the stimulus intensity that evoked movement in 50% of the trials. These data were entered into a computer program that ...
... The motor response evoked at each stimulation site was determined by visual inspection and muscle palpation. The threshold current for each response was defined as the stimulus intensity that evoked movement in 50% of the trials. These data were entered into a computer program that ...
Information Processing at the Calyx of Held Under Natural Conditions
... that the nucleus generates one output spike for every incoming spike, thereby working as a sign-inverting relay. In terms of information processing this corresponds to a multiplication with -1, one of the easiest manipulations possible. How would more complex transformations look like? A cell with o ...
... that the nucleus generates one output spike for every incoming spike, thereby working as a sign-inverting relay. In terms of information processing this corresponds to a multiplication with -1, one of the easiest manipulations possible. How would more complex transformations look like? A cell with o ...
Rapidly progressive Alzheimer`s disease features
... and then spread through neuronal projections (Braak and Del Tredici, 2013). In transgenic mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and tauopathy, this process can be accelerated by intracerebral injection of preformed misfolded amyloid-b or tau. Moreover, studies show that different structural conformers ...
... and then spread through neuronal projections (Braak and Del Tredici, 2013). In transgenic mice models of Alzheimer’s disease and tauopathy, this process can be accelerated by intracerebral injection of preformed misfolded amyloid-b or tau. Moreover, studies show that different structural conformers ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... followed by inhibition of longer duration. Significant excitatory responses to sICMS could be evoked up to 4 mm away from the stimulation site, but the strength of the response decreased exponentially and its latency increased linearly with the distance. We then quantified the direction and strength ...
... followed by inhibition of longer duration. Significant excitatory responses to sICMS could be evoked up to 4 mm away from the stimulation site, but the strength of the response decreased exponentially and its latency increased linearly with the distance. We then quantified the direction and strength ...
Segundo trabajo
... Figure 2.- GDNF-induced activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway is blocked by treatment with inhibitors of p42/p44 and PI3-K pathways. Cultures were treated with inhibitors for 1 hour before the addition of GDNF (50 ng/ml). Phospho-p42/p44 and phospho-Akt levels were measured by Western blot at 5 min ...
... Figure 2.- GDNF-induced activation of the p42/p44 MAPK pathway is blocked by treatment with inhibitors of p42/p44 and PI3-K pathways. Cultures were treated with inhibitors for 1 hour before the addition of GDNF (50 ng/ml). Phospho-p42/p44 and phospho-Akt levels were measured by Western blot at 5 min ...
Molecular neuroscience
Molecular neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience that observes concepts in molecular biology applied to the nervous systems of animals. The scope of this subject primarily pertains to a reductionist view of neuroscience, considering topics such as molecular neuroanatomy, mechanisms of molecular signaling in the nervous system, the effects of genetics on neuronal development, and the molecular basis for neuroplasticity and neurodegenerative diseases. As with molecular biology, molecular neuroscience is a relatively new field that is considerably dynamic.