Olfactory tubercle neurons exhibit slowphasic firing patterns during
... well as in the rewarding efficacy of intracranial selfstimulation (Fibiger et al., 1987). Concordantly, the DAergic innervation of the OT has been found to be crucial in the development of a conditioned place preference for methylphenidate (Sellings et al., 2006a,b) and manipulations of DA have prov ...
... well as in the rewarding efficacy of intracranial selfstimulation (Fibiger et al., 1987). Concordantly, the DAergic innervation of the OT has been found to be crucial in the development of a conditioned place preference for methylphenidate (Sellings et al., 2006a,b) and manipulations of DA have prov ...
Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation
... of a gastric salt load increases the osmolality of blood in the hepatic portal vein within 7 minutes, whereas systemic osmolality remains unchanged for up to 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections t ...
... of a gastric salt load increases the osmolality of blood in the hepatic portal vein within 7 minutes, whereas systemic osmolality remains unchanged for up to 15 minutes56. Osmoreceptors in these areas can therefore detect the osmotic strength of ingested materials and, through afferent connections t ...
Role of the Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamus in
... In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several lesion and stimulation studies identified the rostral hypothalamus as an important neural structure in the regulation of body temperature [1–10]. The compilation of years of lesion studies suggests that no single neural area acts as the center for thermoreg ...
... In the late 1800s and early 1900s, several lesion and stimulation studies identified the rostral hypothalamus as an important neural structure in the regulation of body temperature [1–10]. The compilation of years of lesion studies suggests that no single neural area acts as the center for thermoreg ...
Abstract
... that the majority of LDR neurons located in the SNpc studies appears to have been greater, thus allowing inin this study, as in the rat, project to the striatum and hibitory effects to be seen more readily. that most HDR cells in the SNpr give rise to the extrinsic The present findings support the v ...
... that the majority of LDR neurons located in the SNpc studies appears to have been greater, thus allowing inin this study, as in the rat, project to the striatum and hibitory effects to be seen more readily. that most HDR cells in the SNpr give rise to the extrinsic The present findings support the v ...
The role of the hypothalamic dorsomedial nucleus in the central
... hypothalamic area. The distribution of PrRP-containing fibers in the ventral subdivision of the DMH overlapped completely with the area that contained the Fosimmunoreactive neurons. It was shown that essentially all of these PrRP-ir fibers and terminals contained tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), like PrRP ...
... hypothalamic area. The distribution of PrRP-containing fibers in the ventral subdivision of the DMH overlapped completely with the area that contained the Fosimmunoreactive neurons. It was shown that essentially all of these PrRP-ir fibers and terminals contained tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH), like PrRP ...
Autonomic Nervous System
... • The amygdala & lateral hypothalamus are the conduits for emotion related input • The suprachiasmatic & medial hypothalamic nuclei regulate circadian & homeostatic functions Mathias & Bannister 4th ed ...
... • The amygdala & lateral hypothalamus are the conduits for emotion related input • The suprachiasmatic & medial hypothalamic nuclei regulate circadian & homeostatic functions Mathias & Bannister 4th ed ...
Chapter 3—The Brain and Behavior
... cortex. The two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. No complex function can be assigned to one single hemisphere or the other. There is interplay between the two hemispheres. ...
... cortex. The two hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum. No complex function can be assigned to one single hemisphere or the other. There is interplay between the two hemispheres. ...
Neurotransmitters
... When they have those emotions, the sympathetic system can still release epinephrine because it is a hormone, not a nerve. Epinephrine is made by adrenal glands and circulates in the blood. However, the patient no longer has parasympathetic neurons attached to the heart to counter the effects of epin ...
... When they have those emotions, the sympathetic system can still release epinephrine because it is a hormone, not a nerve. Epinephrine is made by adrenal glands and circulates in the blood. However, the patient no longer has parasympathetic neurons attached to the heart to counter the effects of epin ...
Neural Networks
... glia (greek: “glue”) cells in the central nervous tissue of vertebrates. The function of glia is not understood in full detail, but their active role in signal transduction in the brain is probably small. Electrical and chemical synapses allow for excitatory or inhibitory stimulation. They most ofte ...
... glia (greek: “glue”) cells in the central nervous tissue of vertebrates. The function of glia is not understood in full detail, but their active role in signal transduction in the brain is probably small. Electrical and chemical synapses allow for excitatory or inhibitory stimulation. They most ofte ...
The Nervous System
... IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera ...
... IX Glossopharyngeal nerve – sensory for taste; motor fibers to the pharynx X Vagus nerves – sensory and motor fibers for pharynx, larynx, and viscera ...
Neuropeptidergic Organization of the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus in
... ABSTRACT: The blind mole rat, Spalax, is a subterranean rodent with atrophied, subcutaneous eyes. Whereas most of the visual system is highly degenerated, the retino– hypothalamic pathway in this species has remained intact. Although Spalax is considered to be visually blind, circadian locomotor rhy ...
... ABSTRACT: The blind mole rat, Spalax, is a subterranean rodent with atrophied, subcutaneous eyes. Whereas most of the visual system is highly degenerated, the retino– hypothalamic pathway in this species has remained intact. Although Spalax is considered to be visually blind, circadian locomotor rhy ...
basal ganglia
... On striatal medium spiny neurons of origin of the direct pathway. dopamine binds receptors D1-type, while on those of origin of the indirect pathway binds receptors D2-type. Activation of receptor D1-type induces an increase of cAMP, whereas the activation of receptor D2-type produces a decrease of ...
... On striatal medium spiny neurons of origin of the direct pathway. dopamine binds receptors D1-type, while on those of origin of the indirect pathway binds receptors D2-type. Activation of receptor D1-type induces an increase of cAMP, whereas the activation of receptor D2-type produces a decrease of ...
A transcription factor network controls cell migration
... exemplified by cell type specification during vertebrate retinal development, where one glial and six neuronal cell types derive from a common group of progenitors (Turner and Cepko, 1987). While numerous genes that govern this process have been uncovered, precise mechanisms that produce different n ...
... exemplified by cell type specification during vertebrate retinal development, where one glial and six neuronal cell types derive from a common group of progenitors (Turner and Cepko, 1987). While numerous genes that govern this process have been uncovered, precise mechanisms that produce different n ...
Morphological Identification of Cell Death in Dorsal Root Ganglion
... peripheral axotomy than motor neurons, probably because they depend more on neurotrophic molecules released by peripheral target organs [15]. Our study showed that direct reconnection of the proximal nerve stump with its distal stump will reduce the sensory neuronal loss from 42% to 23.7%. In the pr ...
... peripheral axotomy than motor neurons, probably because they depend more on neurotrophic molecules released by peripheral target organs [15]. Our study showed that direct reconnection of the proximal nerve stump with its distal stump will reduce the sensory neuronal loss from 42% to 23.7%. In the pr ...
Drugs Acting on the Central and Peripheral Nervous
... Nerve membranes, which are capable of conducting action potentials along the entire membrane, send messages to nearby neurons or to effector cells that may be located inches to feet away via this electrical communication system. Like all cell membranes, nerve membranes have various channels or pores ...
... Nerve membranes, which are capable of conducting action potentials along the entire membrane, send messages to nearby neurons or to effector cells that may be located inches to feet away via this electrical communication system. Like all cell membranes, nerve membranes have various channels or pores ...
L4- Student Copy Motor Tracts
... 30% from the premotor areas , and 40% from the somatic sensory areas posterior to the central sulcus. • 3% of the fibres are large myelinated fibres, derived from the large , highly excitable pyramidal Betz cells of MI . These fibers form monosynaptic connections with motor neurons of the spinal cor ...
... 30% from the premotor areas , and 40% from the somatic sensory areas posterior to the central sulcus. • 3% of the fibres are large myelinated fibres, derived from the large , highly excitable pyramidal Betz cells of MI . These fibers form monosynaptic connections with motor neurons of the spinal cor ...
Lecture #11 Brain and processing
... regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, appear very large, while trunk is relatively small – these proporti ...
... regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, face, and tongue, which are capable of varied and complex movements, appear very large, while trunk is relatively small – these proporti ...
Nerve Pathways: Functions, Lesions and Adhesions D.Robbins
... discriminative touch, kinesthesia) requires a specific ascending spinal pathway to the contralateral thalamus which, in turn, sends an axonal projection to the cerebral cortex. Generally there are three neurons in the conscious pathway and the axon of the projection neuron decussates and joins a con ...
... discriminative touch, kinesthesia) requires a specific ascending spinal pathway to the contralateral thalamus which, in turn, sends an axonal projection to the cerebral cortex. Generally there are three neurons in the conscious pathway and the axon of the projection neuron decussates and joins a con ...
9.01 Introduction to Neuroscience MIT OpenCourseWare Fall 2007
... • They are also called “stretch receptors,” ...
... • They are also called “stretch receptors,” ...
Electrical Control of Behavior: The Nervous System
... Not only do neural signals travel via electrical charges within a neuron, but they also travel via chemical transmission between the neurons. Neurons are separated by junction areas known as synapses, areas where the terminal buttons at the end of the axon of one neuron nearly, but don’t quite, touc ...
... Not only do neural signals travel via electrical charges within a neuron, but they also travel via chemical transmission between the neurons. Neurons are separated by junction areas known as synapses, areas where the terminal buttons at the end of the axon of one neuron nearly, but don’t quite, touc ...
septins were depleted Orai1 became sites. However, more work will be
... and Quan Yuan2,* Animals utilize an impressive array of strategies for coping with stressful environmental conditions. If food is in short supply, some suppress their metabolism and hibernate, while others migrate in search of new habitat. These physiological and behavioral adjustments are generally ...
... and Quan Yuan2,* Animals utilize an impressive array of strategies for coping with stressful environmental conditions. If food is in short supply, some suppress their metabolism and hibernate, while others migrate in search of new habitat. These physiological and behavioral adjustments are generally ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we have to do during the day. The level of brain activity is largely controlled by the arousal neurons located in our brainstem (Figure 12). A high level of activity of these neurons keeps us awake, and a low level ...
... to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we have to do during the day. The level of brain activity is largely controlled by the arousal neurons located in our brainstem (Figure 12). A high level of activity of these neurons keeps us awake, and a low level ...
Unit 22.1: The Nervous System
... There are several different types of problems that can affect the nervous system. • Vascular disorders involve problems with blood flow. For example, a stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. Brain cells die quickly if their oxygen supply is cut off. This may cause pa ...
... There are several different types of problems that can affect the nervous system. • Vascular disorders involve problems with blood flow. For example, a stroke occurs when a blood clot blocks blood flow to part of the brain. Brain cells die quickly if their oxygen supply is cut off. This may cause pa ...
Nervous System
... – Includes nerves that carry sensory information from receptors to the CNS and nerves that carry motor responses back to periphery – Many actions are reflex activities – Reflex • A programmed response to a stimulus that is automatic • Can be conscious or unconscious but not mentally willed • Protect ...
... – Includes nerves that carry sensory information from receptors to the CNS and nerves that carry motor responses back to periphery – Many actions are reflex activities – Reflex • A programmed response to a stimulus that is automatic • Can be conscious or unconscious but not mentally willed • Protect ...
Laboratory 7: Medulla
... huge fiber tracts that connect two large regions of the CNS (there are two sets of peduncles, cerebellar and cerebral). A lemniscus is a second-order, decussated axon tract whereas a peduncle is simply a huge, mixed-order, mixed-information bundle. The auditory vestibulocochlear nerve carries both ...
... huge fiber tracts that connect two large regions of the CNS (there are two sets of peduncles, cerebellar and cerebral). A lemniscus is a second-order, decussated axon tract whereas a peduncle is simply a huge, mixed-order, mixed-information bundle. The auditory vestibulocochlear nerve carries both ...