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Learning Objectives
Learning Objectives

... Most light receptors can detect a single quantum (photon) of light; chemical receptors can detect a single molecule. ...
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization
Phase IIB / PHGY 825 Organization of the Brain Stem Organization

... The coordination of orofacial motor responses involves the lateral medullary and pontine reticular formation: • Chewing is coordinated by neurons near the trigeminal motor nucleus. • Lip movements are coordinated by neurons near the facial motor nucleus. • Movements of the tongue are coordinated by ...
1-Development of the Spinal Cord & Vertebral Column 2015+++
1-Development of the Spinal Cord & Vertebral Column 2015+++

... cell bodies of neurons (future grey matter)  An outer marginal zone of nerve fibers or axons of neurons (future white matter) ...
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH
Association of type I neurons positive for NADPH

... morphology, these neurons exhibit distinct heterogeneity. In one subpopulation, the cell body is narrowly attenuated (7–10 μm in width). These have bipolar dendrites, extending 300–800 μm from the cell body. One or both of the dendrites is often closely associated with blood vessels and tends to be ...
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin

... themselves lack AT1aR expression, they are situated in close proximity to AT1aR-containing neurons. These cells are, therefore, positioned to interact intimately with one another. Importantly these highly specific and sensitive in situ hybridization and genetic techniques for the localization of ANG ...
Chapter 12 Lecture Outline
Chapter 12 Lecture Outline

... • Secretion – When an electrical signal reaches the end of nerve fiber, the cell secretes a chemical neurotransmitter that influences the next cell ...
Special Senses
Special Senses

... processes and hold the lens of the eye in place • Lens is a clear, membrane like structure that divides the eyeball into an anterior and posterior chamber • Lens is very elastic and can change shape due to changes in ciliary ...
Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and
Neurophysiological foundations of sleep, arousal, awareness and

... and ponto-geniculo-occipital waves can registered following arousal (activation of these structures). This phase is characterised by inhibition of motor neurons (activation of glycinergic intermediate neurons of the spinal cord, which inhibit α motoneurons), activation of the limbic system, increase ...
Chapter 2
Chapter 2

... Neurons are cells specialized for sending and receiving chemically mediated electrical signals. The part of the cell that includes the nucleus is called the cell body, and its cytoplasm is known as the perikaryon. Dendrites are typically short branching processes that receive signals from other neur ...
Olfactory processing: maps, time and codes Gilles Laurent
Olfactory processing: maps, time and codes Gilles Laurent

... the coherent firing of the many odor-activated projection neurons causes 20–30 Hz local field potential oscillations in one of their target areas, the mushroom body [38,42]. Such oscillatory extracellular field potentials have also been observed in the mammalian olfactory bulb [44], as well as in mo ...
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion
Monkey and humans exhibit similar motion

... the adapter stimulus. The resulting data (figure 2a,b) bear a striking resemblance to macaque data. Adding dots moving in the opposite direction causes a clear reduction in DAE magnitude, and increasing their number further reduces DAE strength. In addition, the DAE density tuning functions continue ...
The Nervous System
The Nervous System

... seldom achieved by only attending school. These classes are guaranteed to motivate students and greatly improve VCE scores! For additional information regarding the Master Classes, please do not hesitate to contact us on (03) 9663 3311 or visit our website at www.tsfx.com.au. ...
spinal cord
spinal cord

... Reflex: A rapid, predictable, involuntary motor response to a ...
spinal cord
spinal cord

... Reflex: A rapid, predictable, involuntary motor response to a ...
PNS and Reflexes
PNS and Reflexes

... and emerge through the stylomastoid foramen to the lateral aspect of the face  Mixed nerve with five major branches  Motor functions include facial expression, and the transmittal of autonomic impulses to lacrimal and salivary glands  Sensory function is taste from the anterior two-thirds of the ...
From Neurons to Brain: Adaptive Self
From Neurons to Brain: Adaptive Self

... neurons are transformed into a functioning network with unique capabilitiesthe brain. This emergence process can not be totally determined by the stored genetic information. In a human brain, for instance, there are approximately ...
The Nervous System in Lumbriculus variegatus
The Nervous System in Lumbriculus variegatus

... The giant nerve fibers form two functionally different pathways, as shown in Figure 3. The medial giant fiber (or MGF) is excited by touch sensory stimuli to anterior segments. Once excited, the MGF conducts impulses along the ventral nerve cord and excites segmental motor neurons which, in turn, ex ...
ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
ANATOMY OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

... The giant nerve fibers form two functionally different pathways, as shown in Figure 3. The medial giant fiber (or MGF) is excited by touch sensory stimuli to anterior segments. Once excited, the MGF conducts impulses along the ventral nerve cord and excites segmental motor neurons which, in turn, ex ...
Neurons Excitatory vs Inhibitory Neurons The Neuron and its Ions
Neurons Excitatory vs Inhibitory Neurons The Neuron and its Ions

... • Unidirectional (transformations) • Bidirectional (top-down processing, pattern completion, amplification) 3. Inhibition: Controlling bidirectional excitation. 4. Constraint Satisfaction: Putting it all together. ...
Chapter 13 - tanabe homepage
Chapter 13 - tanabe homepage

... muscle, glands, involuntary ...
PPT - 서울대 Biointelligence lab
PPT - 서울대 Biointelligence lab

... across neurons and even brain regions is through the synchronized activity of relevant neurons. Hebb postulated that the neural representation of an event could be formed by cell assemblies. The brain regions responding to actual face stimuli are also selectively active during imagined faces. Cell a ...
14 Regulation by hypothalamo-hypophisial system and adrenal
14 Regulation by hypothalamo-hypophisial system and adrenal

... Hypophysiotropic Hormones • Neurons of the hypothalamus receive synaptic input, both stimulatory and inhibitory, from virtually all areas of the central nervous system, and specific neural pathways influence secretion of the individual hypophysiotropic hormones. • A large number of neurotransmitters ...
Pathophysiology of Paresthesia
Pathophysiology of Paresthesia

... fibers. On the molecular level, specific receptor distribution seems to be important for the various functions of sensory nerve subtypes. For example, mechanoreceptors exclusively express the T-type calcium channel Ca (v) 3.2 in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of D-hair receptors. Pharmacological blo ...
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I
CHAPTER 10: NERVOUS SYSTEM I

... Recall that these ion concentrations are maintained by active transport mechanisms (i.e. mainly the Na+K+-ATPase pump, Chapter 3). ...
The Ventrolateral Hypothalamic Area and the Parvafox Nucleus
The Ventrolateral Hypothalamic Area and the Parvafox Nucleus

... LHA, it would be of value to identify as many restricted neuronal groups as possible that express specific markers. In an attempt to identify novel LHA entities, we have focused on two discrete, ventrolaterally located neuronal groups that express Foxb1 and parvalbumin (Parv; Alvarez-Bolado et al., ...
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Circumventricular organs

Circumventricular organs (CVOs) are structures in the brain that are characterized by their extensive vasculature and lack of a normal blood brain barrier (BBB). The CVOs allow for the linkage between the central nervous system and peripheral blood flow; additionally they are an integral part of neuroendocrine function. The lack of a blood brain barrier allows the CVOs to act as an alternative route for peptides and hormones in the neural tissue to the peripheral blood stream, while still protecting it from toxic substances. CVOs can be classified into (a) sensory and (b) secretory organs. The sensory organs include the area postrema (AP), the subfornical organ (SFO) and the vascular organ of lamina terminalis. They have the ability to sense plasma molecules and then pass that information into other regions of the brain. Through this, they provide direct information to the autonomic nervous system from the systemic circulation. The secretory organs include the subcommissural organ (SCO), the posterior pituitary, the pineal gland, the median eminence and the intermediate lobe of the pituitary gland. These organs are responsible for secreting hormones and glycoproteins into the peripheral vascular system using feedback from both the brain environment and external stimuli.All of the circumventricular organs, besides the SCO, contain extensive vasculature and fenestrated capillaries which leads to a ‘leaky’ BBB at the site of the organs. Furthermore, all CVOs contain neural tissue, allowing them to play a role in the neuroendocrine system. It is highly debated if the choroid plexus can be included as a CVO. It has a high concentration of fenestrated capillaries, but its lack of neural tissue and its primary role of producing cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) usually excludes the choroid plexus from the CVO classification.Research has also linked CVOs to body fluid regulation, cardiovascular functions, immune responses, thirst, feeding behavior and reproductive behavior.
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