Central Nervous System
... _______ w/ Reticular formation is a relay pathway between the motor cortex and the cerebellum also functions as a *pneumotaxic center *houses cranial nerves: trigeminal, abducens, and facial. Respiration center Reflex w cranial nerves 5-8, eye, chewing, facial expression, taste, equilibrium ...
... _______ w/ Reticular formation is a relay pathway between the motor cortex and the cerebellum also functions as a *pneumotaxic center *houses cranial nerves: trigeminal, abducens, and facial. Respiration center Reflex w cranial nerves 5-8, eye, chewing, facial expression, taste, equilibrium ...
Suggested Readings for Biopsychology Domain
... Description: The brain is made up of about 100 billion individual nerve cells, or neurons. A neuron has four main parts: • Dendrites—extensions of the neuron cell body that transmit information toward it. Dendrites usually are located near the cell body and may have many branches. • Cell body (soma) ...
... Description: The brain is made up of about 100 billion individual nerve cells, or neurons. A neuron has four main parts: • Dendrites—extensions of the neuron cell body that transmit information toward it. Dendrites usually are located near the cell body and may have many branches. • Cell body (soma) ...
Efficient Coding Hypothesis and an Introduction to
... These assumptions are not justified by experimental results, but are mentioned due to potential generality of the problem. FitzHugh 1957 showed that it is not important if a single impulse in the short time interval is there or not but the cumulative number of impulses in a longer time interval is t ...
... These assumptions are not justified by experimental results, but are mentioned due to potential generality of the problem. FitzHugh 1957 showed that it is not important if a single impulse in the short time interval is there or not but the cumulative number of impulses in a longer time interval is t ...
07 Cranial nerves, their functional division into three groups. Organ
... All sensory receptors send info to the CNS via an action potential… • At the CNS, info is routed according to the stimulus and its location • The stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency of action potentials • Some receptors adapt, that is their sensitivity to a stimulus is reduced if the st ...
... All sensory receptors send info to the CNS via an action potential… • At the CNS, info is routed according to the stimulus and its location • The stronger the stimulus, the higher the frequency of action potentials • Some receptors adapt, that is their sensitivity to a stimulus is reduced if the st ...
L6. Thalamus (László Acsády) All cortical areas receive thalamic
... All cortical areas receive thalamic inputs and no cortical area is functional without intact thalamocortical connections. The thalamus has multiple functions. It may be thought of as a kind of hub of information. The thalamus is generally believed to act as a relay between different subcortical area ...
... All cortical areas receive thalamic inputs and no cortical area is functional without intact thalamocortical connections. The thalamus has multiple functions. It may be thought of as a kind of hub of information. The thalamus is generally believed to act as a relay between different subcortical area ...
Slide ()
... Relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, receives a rich blood flow from the capillaries of the portal hypophyseal system. This system delivers factors released by hypothalamic neurons into portal capillaries at the median eminence. T ...
... Relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. The anterior pituitary, or adenohypophysis, receives a rich blood flow from the capillaries of the portal hypophyseal system. This system delivers factors released by hypothalamic neurons into portal capillaries at the median eminence. T ...
48x36 Poster Template
... We will determine whether cilia loss precedes neuro-degeneration and if so, whether there is a causal relationship between cilia loss and neuron cell death. By observing cilia in mice with degenerative diseases, we can better understand the role of cilia in brain function and survival of neurons. ...
... We will determine whether cilia loss precedes neuro-degeneration and if so, whether there is a causal relationship between cilia loss and neuron cell death. By observing cilia in mice with degenerative diseases, we can better understand the role of cilia in brain function and survival of neurons. ...
Channelrhodopsin as a tool to study synaptic
... distributed populations of genetically defined neurons using light. However, due to expression level differences, reliability and timing of AP induction varies from cell to cell. Electrophysiological control recordings from individual neurons are possible, but cannot provide information about the en ...
... distributed populations of genetically defined neurons using light. However, due to expression level differences, reliability and timing of AP induction varies from cell to cell. Electrophysiological control recordings from individual neurons are possible, but cannot provide information about the en ...
Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator Activity in
... sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique t ...
... sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique t ...
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) PNS – all neural structures
... Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the ponsmedulla border ...
... Fibers arise from the hearing and equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, pass through the internal acoustic meatus, and enter the brainstem at the ponsmedulla border ...
Division of physiology
... 4. Signal transmission in nerve fibers. Excitation - the process of eliciting the action potential. Threshold for excitation, refractory period. Inhibition of excitability. 5. Organization and functions of the nervous system - sensory and motor part. Intergrative function of the nervous system. Majo ...
... 4. Signal transmission in nerve fibers. Excitation - the process of eliciting the action potential. Threshold for excitation, refractory period. Inhibition of excitability. 5. Organization and functions of the nervous system - sensory and motor part. Intergrative function of the nervous system. Majo ...
Sensory Pathways
... chemicals, or light levels, while others detect internal stimuli, like blood pressure and oxygen levels. Ion channels in the plasma membrane respond to the stimulus by opening or closing, which changes the relative internal and external ion concentrations. As a result, the membrane potential changes ...
... chemicals, or light levels, while others detect internal stimuli, like blood pressure and oxygen levels. Ion channels in the plasma membrane respond to the stimulus by opening or closing, which changes the relative internal and external ion concentrations. As a result, the membrane potential changes ...
Ascending tracts
... • Segregated bundles of nerve fibres in the white matter of the spinal cord descending from the supraspinal centres referred to as upper motor neurons ( UMN ) • are concerned with somatic and visceral motor ...
... • Segregated bundles of nerve fibres in the white matter of the spinal cord descending from the supraspinal centres referred to as upper motor neurons ( UMN ) • are concerned with somatic and visceral motor ...
Function and Metabolism of Phospholipids in the Central and
... owing to thermodynamic considerations, phospholipids can flip-flop only very slowly from one side of the membrane to the other. Would the diacylglycerol molecules be similarly restricted, and remain long enough in one-half of the bilayer to create these vesicle buddings? Moreover, are the enzymes in ...
... owing to thermodynamic considerations, phospholipids can flip-flop only very slowly from one side of the membrane to the other. Would the diacylglycerol molecules be similarly restricted, and remain long enough in one-half of the bilayer to create these vesicle buddings? Moreover, are the enzymes in ...
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Association Cortex
... The somatosensory system, The visual system and The auditory system. This information specifies the initial conditions for the programming of action: The original position of the body parts to be moved. The position of external objects Damage to the posterior parietal cortex causes Apraxia and Contr ...
... The somatosensory system, The visual system and The auditory system. This information specifies the initial conditions for the programming of action: The original position of the body parts to be moved. The position of external objects Damage to the posterior parietal cortex causes Apraxia and Contr ...
The Brain and Behavior
... FIGURE 2.1 A neuron, or nerve cell. In the right foreground you can see a nerve cell fiber in cross section. The upper left photo gives a more realistic picture of the shape of neurons. Nerve impulses usually travel from the dendrites and soma to the branching ends of the axon. The nerve cell shown ...
... FIGURE 2.1 A neuron, or nerve cell. In the right foreground you can see a nerve cell fiber in cross section. The upper left photo gives a more realistic picture of the shape of neurons. Nerve impulses usually travel from the dendrites and soma to the branching ends of the axon. The nerve cell shown ...
Drugs and the brain
... Communication between brain cells is not a simple matter of direct contact between the axon terminal of one cell and dendrites of the next. There is a very small gap between the axon terminal and the dendrites of the adjacent cell, called a synapse. Brain cells communicate when one cell sends an ele ...
... Communication between brain cells is not a simple matter of direct contact between the axon terminal of one cell and dendrites of the next. There is a very small gap between the axon terminal and the dendrites of the adjacent cell, called a synapse. Brain cells communicate when one cell sends an ele ...
Learning, Memory and Amnesia
... anoxic ischemia of the hippocampus. – On autopsy, it was found that the CA1 region of the hippocampus was gone. – The CA1 region is especially rich in NMDA receptors (involved in learning). • If only CA1 damaged: anterograde amnesia only. • Anoxia causes NMDA receptors to allow excessive Ca++ influx ...
... anoxic ischemia of the hippocampus. – On autopsy, it was found that the CA1 region of the hippocampus was gone. – The CA1 region is especially rich in NMDA receptors (involved in learning). • If only CA1 damaged: anterograde amnesia only. • Anoxia causes NMDA receptors to allow excessive Ca++ influx ...
Anatomical and molecular analyses used to
... the processes involved in the fight-or-flight reflex, while the second is generally associated with relaxation and inhibition. Prior research has found that these two types differ in some respects—those in the sympathetic system generally have adrenergic fibers, for example, while those in the paras ...
... the processes involved in the fight-or-flight reflex, while the second is generally associated with relaxation and inhibition. Prior research has found that these two types differ in some respects—those in the sympathetic system generally have adrenergic fibers, for example, while those in the paras ...
Chemosensory Systems
... some amino acids, KCl, MgSO4 & salts with large organic cations e.g., denatonium benzoate and quinineHCl], salty [NaCl and NaBr are pure salty] and sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds ...
... some amino acids, KCl, MgSO4 & salts with large organic cations e.g., denatonium benzoate and quinineHCl], salty [NaCl and NaBr are pure salty] and sour [acids, which are also irritants, activating the common chemical sense]. Species differences can be tremendous, especially for the many compounds ...
The Nervous System
... five times more abundant than neurons. In common usage, supporting cells are collectively called neuroglia, or simply glial cells (from the Middle Greek glia = glue). Unlike neurons, which do not divide mitotically (except for particular neural stem cells; chapter 8, section 8.1), glial cells are ab ...
... five times more abundant than neurons. In common usage, supporting cells are collectively called neuroglia, or simply glial cells (from the Middle Greek glia = glue). Unlike neurons, which do not divide mitotically (except for particular neural stem cells; chapter 8, section 8.1), glial cells are ab ...
Nervous System
... travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s ...
... travels down an axon and is generated by the movement of positively charged atoms in and out of channels in the axon’s ...
You will learn: The Building Blocks of the Human Body and The
... Metabolism • Chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction. – Cells need food, oxygen, water, proper temperature and the ability to eliminate waste products. – 2 phases of metabolism • Anabolism – Building up larger molecules from smaller ones. – The body stores wate ...
... Metabolism • Chemical process in which cells receive nutrients for growth and reproduction. – Cells need food, oxygen, water, proper temperature and the ability to eliminate waste products. – 2 phases of metabolism • Anabolism – Building up larger molecules from smaller ones. – The body stores wate ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.