Overview - Sinauer Associates
... ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, sophisticated and highly efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication among this astronomical number of elements. Such communication is made possible by synapses, the functional contacts between neurons. Two different types of synapses—elect ...
... ability to influence many other cells. Clearly, sophisticated and highly efficient mechanisms are needed to enable communication among this astronomical number of elements. Such communication is made possible by synapses, the functional contacts between neurons. Two different types of synapses—elect ...
Brain stem excitatory and inhibitory signaling pathways regulating
... to the NTS, including those from cough receptors that are activated by stimuli that may also elicit reflex bronchoconstriction, submucosal gland secretion, and increased blood flow. Cough receptors are preferentially located within the larynx, trachea, and large intrapulmonary airways (25, 35, 213). ...
... to the NTS, including those from cough receptors that are activated by stimuli that may also elicit reflex bronchoconstriction, submucosal gland secretion, and increased blood flow. Cough receptors are preferentially located within the larynx, trachea, and large intrapulmonary airways (25, 35, 213). ...
Large-scale recording of neuronal ensembles
... exceeds a certain threshold, analogous to recording of action potentials (spikes) emitted by single neurons in the brain. By monitoring different but single musical instruments of the same or even different orchestras over many successive performances and pooling the measurements as if they were rec ...
... exceeds a certain threshold, analogous to recording of action potentials (spikes) emitted by single neurons in the brain. By monitoring different but single musical instruments of the same or even different orchestras over many successive performances and pooling the measurements as if they were rec ...
Psychopharmacology
... – Opiate receptor G-protein activation can close voltage gated Ca++ channels. • Reducing the amount of Ca++ influx that occurs when an action potential arrives at the terminal button • Reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released ...
... – Opiate receptor G-protein activation can close voltage gated Ca++ channels. • Reducing the amount of Ca++ influx that occurs when an action potential arrives at the terminal button • Reduces the amount of neurotransmitter released ...
Synaptic Transmission between Dorsal Root Ganglion and Dorsal
... characterize the sensitivity of these neurons to excitatory amino acid agonists. Several excitatory amino acid antagonists have been examined, and kynurenate (Perkins and Stone, 1982) was identified as a potent antagonist of synaptic transmissron between DRG and dorsal horn neurons. Kynurenate has b ...
... characterize the sensitivity of these neurons to excitatory amino acid agonists. Several excitatory amino acid antagonists have been examined, and kynurenate (Perkins and Stone, 1982) was identified as a potent antagonist of synaptic transmissron between DRG and dorsal horn neurons. Kynurenate has b ...
hebbRNN: A Reward-Modulated Hebbian Learning Rule for
... Software Archive: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.154745 ...
... Software Archive: http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.154745 ...
Neurobiology of Behaviour
... Bingman and Cheng (2005) Ethology, Ecology & Evolution Vol 17 pp 295-318 ...
... Bingman and Cheng (2005) Ethology, Ecology & Evolution Vol 17 pp 295-318 ...
Christof Koch, , 96 (1999); DOI: 10.1126/science.284.5411.96
... exploit this feature, the axons of these two photoreceptors converge to the same secondorder neurons so as to increase efficiency. Conversely, the six photoreceptors within one ommatidium diverge to six different second-order cells (Fig. 1A) (5). As a consequence of this peculiar optimal design, the ...
... exploit this feature, the axons of these two photoreceptors converge to the same secondorder neurons so as to increase efficiency. Conversely, the six photoreceptors within one ommatidium diverge to six different second-order cells (Fig. 1A) (5). As a consequence of this peculiar optimal design, the ...
network - Ohio University
... Recurrence: secondary, repeated activation; from this come networks with recurrence (bidirectional). Bottom-up and top-down, or recognition and imagination. Recurrence makes possible the completion of images, formation of resonances between associated representations, strengthening of weak activatio ...
... Recurrence: secondary, repeated activation; from this come networks with recurrence (bidirectional). Bottom-up and top-down, or recognition and imagination. Recurrence makes possible the completion of images, formation of resonances between associated representations, strengthening of weak activatio ...
Hoxd1
... of brachial motor neurons extend their axons towards their target muscles. En route, they encounter glial-cell-line-derived ne... ...
... of brachial motor neurons extend their axons towards their target muscles. En route, they encounter glial-cell-line-derived ne... ...
- Experimental Neurobiology
... of neurons in most brain regions including the cerebral cortex, hippocampal subregions and corpus callosum (Fig. 1). In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, TCTP was primarily localized in axon terminals of the Schaffer collateral fibers (Fig. 4a and 4b). In the CA3 region, TCTP was preferentially loc ...
... of neurons in most brain regions including the cerebral cortex, hippocampal subregions and corpus callosum (Fig. 1). In the CA1 region of the hippocampus, TCTP was primarily localized in axon terminals of the Schaffer collateral fibers (Fig. 4a and 4b). In the CA3 region, TCTP was preferentially loc ...
HBMuscle
... c. Ca++ influx into axon terminal causes exocytosis of ACh containing synaptic vesicles d. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to ACh receptors of the motor end plate ...
... c. Ca++ influx into axon terminal causes exocytosis of ACh containing synaptic vesicles d. ACh diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind to ACh receptors of the motor end plate ...
the nervous system and resilience
... the brain and spinal cord, is considered the control center of the body. The CNS does not come in direct contact with the external environment. It is completely enclosed. It is the Peripheral Nervous System, with its sensory and motor divisions, that interacts directly with the outside world and it ...
... the brain and spinal cord, is considered the control center of the body. The CNS does not come in direct contact with the external environment. It is completely enclosed. It is the Peripheral Nervous System, with its sensory and motor divisions, that interacts directly with the outside world and it ...
Anat3_08_Autonomic_Nervous_System1
... increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands). Examples of autonomic motor responses include: changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, adjustment of the rate and force of the ...
... increasing (exciting) or decreasing (inhibiting) activities in the effector tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands). Examples of autonomic motor responses include: changes in the diameter of the pupils, dilation and constriction of blood vessels, adjustment of the rate and force of the ...
file
... intensities to the contralateral ear at a rate of 2 stimuli per s. The evoked spikes of a neuron or a small cluster of 2–5 neurons were collected at each site. Primary auditory cortex was defined on the basis of the short latency (8–20 ms) of its evoked neuronal spike responses and its contin730 ...
... intensities to the contralateral ear at a rate of 2 stimuli per s. The evoked spikes of a neuron or a small cluster of 2–5 neurons were collected at each site. Primary auditory cortex was defined on the basis of the short latency (8–20 ms) of its evoked neuronal spike responses and its contin730 ...
Action Potentials
... The utricle and saccule tell the brain which way is up and inform it of the body’s position or linear acceleration. ...
... The utricle and saccule tell the brain which way is up and inform it of the body’s position or linear acceleration. ...
nerve impulse patterns and reflex control in the motor system
... impulse only, the muscle action potentials can be very small and there may be no detectable motion of the dactyl. Most often, however, the dactyl opens due to contraction of the opener muscle and it can therefore be concluded that the small efferent nerve impulses are those of an excitatory motor ax ...
... impulse only, the muscle action potentials can be very small and there may be no detectable motion of the dactyl. Most often, however, the dactyl opens due to contraction of the opener muscle and it can therefore be concluded that the small efferent nerve impulses are those of an excitatory motor ax ...
01-Spinal Reflexes Student`s Copy
... strength of the reflex contraction slowly increases to a final level. The slow build-up is due to gradual activation of more motor neurons (recruitment , temporal ). The reflex response may continue some time after cessation of the stimulus, due to afterdischarge, the main type being reverberating c ...
... strength of the reflex contraction slowly increases to a final level. The slow build-up is due to gradual activation of more motor neurons (recruitment , temporal ). The reflex response may continue some time after cessation of the stimulus, due to afterdischarge, the main type being reverberating c ...
Text S1.
... axonal polarization along L1 at 3 DIV but, initially, any of the 4 growing neurites could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calc ...
... axonal polarization along L1 at 3 DIV but, initially, any of the 4 growing neurites could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calc ...
On the Significance of Neuronal Giantism in Gastropods
... Giant cells in most tissues are more metabolically active than smaller cells and are frequently associated with transport and secretory processes. Familiar examples are the giant polytene cells of dipteran salivary glands, malpighian tubules, and gut, all of which are notably active in ion and pepti ...
... Giant cells in most tissues are more metabolically active than smaller cells and are frequently associated with transport and secretory processes. Familiar examples are the giant polytene cells of dipteran salivary glands, malpighian tubules, and gut, all of which are notably active in ion and pepti ...
THE ELECTRICAL BRAIN
... for the main protein in electrical synapses is altered. Given the recent findings, it may be possible in the future to treat certain forms of epilepsy with drugs that reduce the excitability of electrical synapses. Gap junctions may also be involved in the aftermath of strokes. Neurologists have lon ...
... for the main protein in electrical synapses is altered. Given the recent findings, it may be possible in the future to treat certain forms of epilepsy with drugs that reduce the excitability of electrical synapses. Gap junctions may also be involved in the aftermath of strokes. Neurologists have lon ...
nerve part 1
... • Ineffective stimuli produce a localized area of depolarization which does not reach the firing level (-55 mv) known as "the local excitatory state". • B) Stimulation by effective stimuli produce a propagated action potential or a nerve impulse. ...
... • Ineffective stimuli produce a localized area of depolarization which does not reach the firing level (-55 mv) known as "the local excitatory state". • B) Stimulation by effective stimuli produce a propagated action potential or a nerve impulse. ...
File - Doctorswriting
... and 2nd heart sounds (opening and closure of semilunar valves) B. the stroke volume is increased by increasing the end diastolic volume, not the ejection fraction C. ventricular contraction commences at the ECG R wave and is not completed until the end of the T wave D. diastole is the period between ...
... and 2nd heart sounds (opening and closure of semilunar valves) B. the stroke volume is increased by increasing the end diastolic volume, not the ejection fraction C. ventricular contraction commences at the ECG R wave and is not completed until the end of the T wave D. diastole is the period between ...
File - Doctorswriting
... elevates blood pressure and heart rate via increased sympathetic discharge C. noradrenaline, adrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin are all hormones responsible for local tissue blood flow autoregulation D. in general, tissue blood flow is regulated according to tissue needs, cardiac output is r ...
... elevates blood pressure and heart rate via increased sympathetic discharge C. noradrenaline, adrenaline, angiotensin II and vasopressin are all hormones responsible for local tissue blood flow autoregulation D. in general, tissue blood flow is regulated according to tissue needs, cardiac output is r ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.