Noradrenergic Modulation of Activity in a Vocal Control Nucleus In
... g/ml. Final electrode resistances were 5– 8 M⍀. Once a gigaohm seal was achieved using the blind patch technique (Blanton et al. 1989), the recorded potential stabilized within 10 min, and the series resistance stabilized at ⬃200 M⍀ within 20 min. Input resistance and resting potential were monitor ...
... g/ml. Final electrode resistances were 5– 8 M⍀. Once a gigaohm seal was achieved using the blind patch technique (Blanton et al. 1989), the recorded potential stabilized within 10 min, and the series resistance stabilized at ⬃200 M⍀ within 20 min. Input resistance and resting potential were monitor ...
Full-Text PDF
... a complex multi-electrode array and a two-photon microscope [14]. They focused on the large-scale field potential signals to single-neuron activity in small scale-group cells from rat brain slices. For differentiated experimental results, our study focused on not only a simultaneous measurement syst ...
... a complex multi-electrode array and a two-photon microscope [14]. They focused on the large-scale field potential signals to single-neuron activity in small scale-group cells from rat brain slices. For differentiated experimental results, our study focused on not only a simultaneous measurement syst ...
Slide 1
... • The body has 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which arise from the brain and service the structures of the head and certain body parts, including the heart and diaphragm • Some cranial nerves carry only sensory fibers, others carry only motor fibers, and others carry both types of fibers. ...
... • The body has 12 pairs of cranial nerves, which arise from the brain and service the structures of the head and certain body parts, including the heart and diaphragm • Some cranial nerves carry only sensory fibers, others carry only motor fibers, and others carry both types of fibers. ...
The Adenosine Story Goes Ionic: CaV2.1
... questions about how adenosine relates to sleep homeostasis remain. Which of the cellular signaling pathways engaged by A1 receptors are responsible for sleep induction? The new study by Deboer and colleagues7 in this issue of SLEEP is the first to specify the molecular basis of an ionic pathway for ...
... questions about how adenosine relates to sleep homeostasis remain. Which of the cellular signaling pathways engaged by A1 receptors are responsible for sleep induction? The new study by Deboer and colleagues7 in this issue of SLEEP is the first to specify the molecular basis of an ionic pathway for ...
The Role of Dorsal Columns Pathway in Visceral Pain
... the dorsal column nuclei may be an important element in this mechanism. However, there is now increasing evidence that the DC pathway may contain an ascending part of an amplification loop that enhances the responsiveness of spinal cord neurons through a descending facilitatory pathway, possibly ori ...
... the dorsal column nuclei may be an important element in this mechanism. However, there is now increasing evidence that the DC pathway may contain an ascending part of an amplification loop that enhances the responsiveness of spinal cord neurons through a descending facilitatory pathway, possibly ori ...
JERZY KONORSKI`S THEORY OF CONDITIONED
... structures, responsible for acquisition, performance and extinction of canditioned responses. This task was undertaken by Konorski. The conditioning process was presented as a phenomenon based on the integration of nerve cells by means of synapses. Mechanisms thoroughly investigated in the spinal co ...
... structures, responsible for acquisition, performance and extinction of canditioned responses. This task was undertaken by Konorski. The conditioning process was presented as a phenomenon based on the integration of nerve cells by means of synapses. Mechanisms thoroughly investigated in the spinal co ...
DiI, DiD, DiR, DiO, DiA
... membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C18 carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayers. It is the most standard lipophilic dye for ER, Golgi studies. Particularly, it has been extensively used for the anterograde and retrograde labeling of neurons. The intense fluo ...
... membrane dye that labels cell membranes by inserting its two long (C18 carbon) hydrocarbon chains into the lipid bilayers. It is the most standard lipophilic dye for ER, Golgi studies. Particularly, it has been extensively used for the anterograde and retrograde labeling of neurons. The intense fluo ...
12 - FacultyWeb
... • Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the epidural space between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater • CSF in subarachnoid space • Denticulate ligaments: extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater • Filum terminale: fibrous extension from conus medullaris; anchors the spinal cord to ...
... • Cushion of fat and a network of veins in the epidural space between the vertebrae and spinal dura mater • CSF in subarachnoid space • Denticulate ligaments: extensions of pia mater that secure cord to dura mater • Filum terminale: fibrous extension from conus medullaris; anchors the spinal cord to ...
Corticothalamic feedback and sensory processing
... and co-workers [33–35]. Once a sensory signal is initially transmitted from the MGB to the cortex, further activity in the MGB (and other corticofugal targets [39]) is markedly modified by feedback from the activated regions of cortex. The activation of a particular region of cortex leads to an ini ...
... and co-workers [33–35]. Once a sensory signal is initially transmitted from the MGB to the cortex, further activity in the MGB (and other corticofugal targets [39]) is markedly modified by feedback from the activated regions of cortex. The activation of a particular region of cortex leads to an ini ...
Expectation of reward modulates cognitive signals in the basal ganglia
... based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrewarded’ comparison. In the former comparison, cognitive processing was allocated to the to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processin ...
... based on the ‘attend-versus-ignore’ comparison, whereas our study was based on the ‘rewarded-versus-nonrewarded’ comparison. In the former comparison, cognitive processing was allocated to the to-be-attended location or object, and reward was given consistently. Here the required cognitive processin ...
The Muscular System
... Ability of a muscle to respond to stimuli Ability of a muscle to shorten in length Ability to stretch and return to original position Ability to extend in length Ability to transmit nerve impulses ...
... Ability of a muscle to respond to stimuli Ability of a muscle to shorten in length Ability to stretch and return to original position Ability to extend in length Ability to transmit nerve impulses ...
13 Renal Clearance overview
... Fluid goes from the glomerulus to the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), down the loop of Henle and back up, then into the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and into the collecting duct. In the PCT, the nutrients are reabsorbed. If there are more nutrients than can be reabsorbed (such as excess sug ...
... Fluid goes from the glomerulus to the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), down the loop of Henle and back up, then into the distal convoluted tubule (DCT), and into the collecting duct. In the PCT, the nutrients are reabsorbed. If there are more nutrients than can be reabsorbed (such as excess sug ...
Chapter 1
... – High incidence of infectious diseases. – Strong evidence that the mother’s exposure to viral infections during the 4th-6th months of pregnancy increases risk of schizophrenia. • Prenatal starvation is another pathway to schizophrenia. ...
... – High incidence of infectious diseases. – Strong evidence that the mother’s exposure to viral infections during the 4th-6th months of pregnancy increases risk of schizophrenia. • Prenatal starvation is another pathway to schizophrenia. ...
Target neuron prespecification in the olfactory map of Drosophila
... prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to carry speci®c olfactory information. This prespeci®cation could be used to hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead ...
... prespeci®ed by lineage and birth order to form a synapse with speci®c incoming ORN axons, and therefore to carry speci®c olfactory information. This prespeci®cation could be used to hardwire the ¯y's olfactory system, enabling stereotyped behavioural responses to odorants. Developmental studies lead ...
Neurotransmitters and Sleep
... is interesting to note that the Tectum contains two small bumps known as superior colliculi. The superior colliculi have been implicated as playing an important role in visual tracking and spatial location. It is not surprising, then, that such a pathway would be associated with the jerky rapid eye ...
... is interesting to note that the Tectum contains two small bumps known as superior colliculi. The superior colliculi have been implicated as playing an important role in visual tracking and spatial location. It is not surprising, then, that such a pathway would be associated with the jerky rapid eye ...
BE 310 Final Project: Reflex Response of the Knee
... neurons act directly on motor neurons that contract the quadriceps. By the same token, they act indirectly, through inhibitory interneurons, to inhibit motor neurons that contract the antagonist muscle, the hamstring. The sensory neurons also end in projection interneurons that transmit information ...
... neurons act directly on motor neurons that contract the quadriceps. By the same token, they act indirectly, through inhibitory interneurons, to inhibit motor neurons that contract the antagonist muscle, the hamstring. The sensory neurons also end in projection interneurons that transmit information ...
Electrical Synapses between Dopaminergic Neurons of the
... Cs ⫹) and Ca 2⫹ buffering (10 mM intracellular EGTA added). These conditions (see Fig. 4, E) did not significantly change the mean k (2.1 ⫾ 0.3%; n ⫽ 4) and Gj (79.2 ⫾ 25.1 pS; n ⫽ 4) when compared with control conditions (see Fig. 4, F). In addition, input resistance (Rinput) was not significantly ...
... Cs ⫹) and Ca 2⫹ buffering (10 mM intracellular EGTA added). These conditions (see Fig. 4, E) did not significantly change the mean k (2.1 ⫾ 0.3%; n ⫽ 4) and Gj (79.2 ⫾ 25.1 pS; n ⫽ 4) when compared with control conditions (see Fig. 4, F). In addition, input resistance (Rinput) was not significantly ...
Dopamine Modulates the Activity of Sensory Hair Cells
... influencing and regulating their activity. The cellular target and mechanism of the action of dopamine in mechanosensory organs, such as the inner ear and lateral-line organ, is not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate that dopamine receptors are present in sensory hair cells at synaptic sites th ...
... influencing and regulating their activity. The cellular target and mechanism of the action of dopamine in mechanosensory organs, such as the inner ear and lateral-line organ, is not clearly understood. Here we demonstrate that dopamine receptors are present in sensory hair cells at synaptic sites th ...
Control of a Robot Arm with Artificial and Biological Neural Networks
... provide a system for investigating how incoming signals are integrated by neuronal networks, and how this integration affects the structure of the network. ...
... provide a system for investigating how incoming signals are integrated by neuronal networks, and how this integration affects the structure of the network. ...
Watching synapses during sensory information
... The basic function of brain is to process and transmit sensory stimuli from the environment, which allows human beings and animals to make sense of the world. Neurons widely distributed in the brain are required for achieving this function. Therefore, how the neurons work for processing sensory inf ...
... The basic function of brain is to process and transmit sensory stimuli from the environment, which allows human beings and animals to make sense of the world. Neurons widely distributed in the brain are required for achieving this function. Therefore, how the neurons work for processing sensory inf ...
Stimulus (physiology)
In physiology, a stimulus (plural stimuli) is a detectable change in the internal or external environment. The ability of an organism or organ to respond to external stimuli is called sensitivity. When a stimulus is applied to a sensory receptor, it normally elicits or influences a reflex via stimulus transduction. These sensory receptors can receive information from outside the body, as in touch receptors found in the skin or light receptors in the eye, as well as from inside the body, as in chemoreceptors and mechanorceptors. An internal stimulus is often the first component of a homeostatic control system. External stimuli are capable of producing systemic responses throughout the body, as in the fight-or-flight response. In order for a stimulus to be detected with high probability, its level must exceed the absolute threshold; if a signal does reach threshold, the information is transmitted to the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated and a decision on how to react is made. Although stimuli commonly cause the body to respond, it is the CNS that finally determines whether a signal causes a reaction or not.