Impact of diet on adult hippocampal neurogenesis
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
... in hippocampal-dependent learning tasks is observed between mice of different strains [49, 112]. Environment also has a major impact on AHN (this will be discussed in detail later), and changes in neurogenesis induced by the environment correlates with performance in hippocampaldependent learning ta ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on bones and other structures. Intrafusal fibers also produce force, but they are much smaller than extrafusal fibers and the level of force that they produce is neglig ...
... attach to the skeleton, and intrafusal fibers, which attach to the extrafusal fibers. Extrafusal fibers produce the force that acts on bones and other structures. Intrafusal fibers also produce force, but they are much smaller than extrafusal fibers and the level of force that they produce is neglig ...
The epistemic value of brain-machine systems for the study of the
... they apply relatively traditional electrophysiological analysis techniques to neural tissues which are peculiarly stimulated by connection with an artificial device. These distinctions, which will be supported by an analysis of some case-studies, are summarized in Table 1. In Section 4 I will bring ...
... they apply relatively traditional electrophysiological analysis techniques to neural tissues which are peculiarly stimulated by connection with an artificial device. These distinctions, which will be supported by an analysis of some case-studies, are summarized in Table 1. In Section 4 I will bring ...
Volatile Solvents as Drugs of Abuse: Focus on the Cortico
... majority of the toluene vapor exhaled is unchanged, the rest enters the bloodstream through the alveoli and distributes throughout the body (Garcia, 1996). Ten minutes following initiation of vapor inhalation, the blood concentration of toluene in rats reaches about 60% of maximum, and then drops to ...
... majority of the toluene vapor exhaled is unchanged, the rest enters the bloodstream through the alveoli and distributes throughout the body (Garcia, 1996). Ten minutes following initiation of vapor inhalation, the blood concentration of toluene in rats reaches about 60% of maximum, and then drops to ...
themes - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology
... The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC inhibitory and cholinergic excitatory myenteric neurons acting in concert. Although usually termed inhibitory, stimulation of the NANC nerves in smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a reb ...
... The intrinsic esophageal peristalsis is mediated by the NANC inhibitory and cholinergic excitatory myenteric neurons acting in concert. Although usually termed inhibitory, stimulation of the NANC nerves in smooth muscle strips elicits a biphasic response that consists of inhibition followed by a reb ...
ppt - Brain Dynamics Laboratory
... • When signals are sent over long distances through noisy axons, rather than using a single axon it can be beneficial to send the same signal redundantly over multiple axons and then combine these signals at the destination. • Crucially, for such a mechanism to reduce noise the initial divergence of ...
... • When signals are sent over long distances through noisy axons, rather than using a single axon it can be beneficial to send the same signal redundantly over multiple axons and then combine these signals at the destination. • Crucially, for such a mechanism to reduce noise the initial divergence of ...
Neuronal networks for induced `40 Hz` rhythms
... togetheralsoworkedtogethe~s,reflectingthat synchronization is a more important factor than a narrow bandwidth327.Although single episodes of neuronal synchronization might occur by chance, repeatedsynchronizationis much lesslikelyto do so. Atthe cellular ...
... togetheralsoworkedtogethe~s,reflectingthat synchronization is a more important factor than a narrow bandwidth327.Although single episodes of neuronal synchronization might occur by chance, repeatedsynchronizationis much lesslikelyto do so. Atthe cellular ...
Primate amygdala neurons evaluate the progress of self
... our main reaction time analysis on the latencies with which the animals released a touch key at the end of a trial to initiate reinforcer delivery (liquid reward on spend trials, auditory cue on save trials). This measure has previously been shown to reflect a differential reward expectation related ...
... our main reaction time analysis on the latencies with which the animals released a touch key at the end of a trial to initiate reinforcer delivery (liquid reward on spend trials, auditory cue on save trials). This measure has previously been shown to reflect a differential reward expectation related ...
Answers to WHAT DID YOU LEARN questions
... sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve. Gray rami connect to ALL spinal nerves. This way, the sympathetic information that started out in the thoracolumbar region now can be dispersed to all parts of the body. ...
... sympathetic trunk to the spinal nerve. Gray rami connect to ALL spinal nerves. This way, the sympathetic information that started out in the thoracolumbar region now can be dispersed to all parts of the body. ...
Categories in the Brain - Rice University -
... • Additional properties of columns and functional webs can be derived from Mountcastle’s treatment together with neurolinguistic findings – Method: “connecting the dots” • Hypothesis IV: (Coming Soon!) “[T]he effective unit of operation…is not the single neuron and its axon, but bundles or groups of ...
... • Additional properties of columns and functional webs can be derived from Mountcastle’s treatment together with neurolinguistic findings – Method: “connecting the dots” • Hypothesis IV: (Coming Soon!) “[T]he effective unit of operation…is not the single neuron and its axon, but bundles or groups of ...
A Brain Adaptation View of Plasticity: Is Synaptic Plasticity An Overly
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
... wild animals have for years confirmed that feral animal brains are larger than those of domestically reared animals (old german and other literature). Nevertheless, studying different degrees of environmental complexity can provide information about brain responses that are likely to generalize to h ...
Taste and Smell - Baldwin County Public Schools
... of input from a group of fibers, each fiber is more sensitive to a particular taste but also responds to other taste stimuli • probably both theories are correct • taste coding involves comparison of activity across groups of fibers responding preferentially to different tastes (contrast) ...
... of input from a group of fibers, each fiber is more sensitive to a particular taste but also responds to other taste stimuli • probably both theories are correct • taste coding involves comparison of activity across groups of fibers responding preferentially to different tastes (contrast) ...
Taste and Smell
... of input from a group of fibers, each fiber is more sensitive to a particular taste but also responds to other taste stimuli • probably both theories are correct • taste coding involves comparison of activity across groups of fibers responding preferentially to different tastes (contrast) ...
... of input from a group of fibers, each fiber is more sensitive to a particular taste but also responds to other taste stimuli • probably both theories are correct • taste coding involves comparison of activity across groups of fibers responding preferentially to different tastes (contrast) ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... with bursts up to 600 Hz). Phase-locking occurs both within and between frequency ranges like theta (4–7 Hz) and gamma (25–200 Hz). Phase asynchrony has also been proposed to play a role. Even single neurons may lock their spike firing patterns to regional theta activity [7]. Such a self-organizing ...
... with bursts up to 600 Hz). Phase-locking occurs both within and between frequency ranges like theta (4–7 Hz) and gamma (25–200 Hz). Phase asynchrony has also been proposed to play a role. Even single neurons may lock their spike firing patterns to regional theta activity [7]. Such a self-organizing ...
Cytokines, prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the regulation of stress
... of HPA axis signaling and increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and extra-hypothalamic neurons. During chronic stress-induced inhibition of systemic feedback, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were significantly cha ...
... of HPA axis signaling and increased corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) secretion from the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and extra-hypothalamic neurons. During chronic stress-induced inhibition of systemic feedback, cytosolic glucocorticoid receptor (GR) levels were significantly cha ...
chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... oriented amacrine cells, and there is a layer of ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve (Dowling, 1968; Fig. 4-5B). The processing of visual input begins at the retinal level where many ganglion cells have receptive fields that selectively respond to stimuli moving in one or another directi ...
... oriented amacrine cells, and there is a layer of ganglion cells whose axons form the optic nerve (Dowling, 1968; Fig. 4-5B). The processing of visual input begins at the retinal level where many ganglion cells have receptive fields that selectively respond to stimuli moving in one or another directi ...
Hypothalamus and Animals
... neuroendocrinology. 5 Kisspeptin plays a major role in the onset of puberty necessary in adults. This kisspeptin hormone is found in all mammals, specifically focused on rodents in this study. Both sheep and humans have sexually dimorphic populations.6 Kisspeptin controls release and timing gonadotr ...
... neuroendocrinology. 5 Kisspeptin plays a major role in the onset of puberty necessary in adults. This kisspeptin hormone is found in all mammals, specifically focused on rodents in this study. Both sheep and humans have sexually dimorphic populations.6 Kisspeptin controls release and timing gonadotr ...
... Hikosaka, 1997). Dopamine’s role in these behaviors appears to be as modulator between two behavioral extremes. When dopaminergic activity is high, behavior is focused, and in extremes, stereotypic. When dopaminergic activity is low, behavior is unfocused and fails to persist. This systematic relati ...
Implications of Polychronous Neuronal Groups for the Nature of Mental Representations
... will remain silent. Thus, the effects of spikes from neurons a, b, and c on the firing of neurons x and y is critically dependent on the timing of the spikes. In larger, more connected, networks, like those found in mammalian brains, a particular stimulus will cause a chain reaction of spikes over t ...
... will remain silent. Thus, the effects of spikes from neurons a, b, and c on the firing of neurons x and y is critically dependent on the timing of the spikes. In larger, more connected, networks, like those found in mammalian brains, a particular stimulus will cause a chain reaction of spikes over t ...
65 Commentary - The Ideal DBS System The proliferation of DBS
... Chapter 2 - Principles of DBS Electronics, Montgomery Jr. EB, Deep Brain Stimulation Programming: Mechanisms, Principles, and Practice, Oxford University Press 2016). The ideal IPG would provide for DBS trains that could provide stimulation at multiple frequencies in an interleaved or multiplexed ma ...
... Chapter 2 - Principles of DBS Electronics, Montgomery Jr. EB, Deep Brain Stimulation Programming: Mechanisms, Principles, and Practice, Oxford University Press 2016). The ideal IPG would provide for DBS trains that could provide stimulation at multiple frequencies in an interleaved or multiplexed ma ...
Document
... neurons [87]. In GT1 cells a pathological phenotype was observed with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the infected cultures [85, 110] and recently Cronier et al. reported that prion infection of primary cultured neurons and astrocytes induced neuronal cell death [27]. In several stud ...
... neurons [87]. In GT1 cells a pathological phenotype was observed with an increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the infected cultures [85, 110] and recently Cronier et al. reported that prion infection of primary cultured neurons and astrocytes induced neuronal cell death [27]. In several stud ...
Artificial neural networks and their application in biological and
... information systems and on methods to analyze and process information that may shed light on processes taking place in the human brain, is very important (Kosiński 2007). In spite of considerable development of several indirectly connected scientific fields as well as various research methods and te ...
... information systems and on methods to analyze and process information that may shed light on processes taking place in the human brain, is very important (Kosiński 2007). In spite of considerable development of several indirectly connected scientific fields as well as various research methods and te ...
Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Neural Integrator
... awake goldfish to temporally resolve individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). We discovered that the EPSP rate increases with average membrane potential and eye position. The EPSPs also form a frothy fluctuation that constitutes a significant fraction of the total membrane voltage. Thi ...
... awake goldfish to temporally resolve individual excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs). We discovered that the EPSP rate increases with average membrane potential and eye position. The EPSPs also form a frothy fluctuation that constitutes a significant fraction of the total membrane voltage. Thi ...
A Neuronal Model of Predictive Coding Accounting for the
... However, a detailed neuronal model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the MMN is still lacking, and its computational foundations remain debated. We propose here a detailed neuronal model of auditory cortex, based on predictive coding, that accounts for the critical features of MMN. The mo ...
... However, a detailed neuronal model of the neurobiological mechanisms underlying the MMN is still lacking, and its computational foundations remain debated. We propose here a detailed neuronal model of auditory cortex, based on predictive coding, that accounts for the critical features of MMN. The mo ...
In transverse section, the spinal cord features: -
... ipsilateral (uncrossed) and involve only two neurons (primary afferent & projection neurons). In the case of spinocerebellar pathways, which you will study later in this course, receptors are mainly encapsulated proprioceptors associated with large myelinated axons, since the information is generall ...
... ipsilateral (uncrossed) and involve only two neurons (primary afferent & projection neurons). In the case of spinocerebellar pathways, which you will study later in this course, receptors are mainly encapsulated proprioceptors associated with large myelinated axons, since the information is generall ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.