Nerve Growth Factor and Alzheimer`s Disease
... of the sciatic nerve are suppressed by continuous NGF infusion.16 Chronic hypersensitivities is thought to be induced by increasing glutamate release that causes neuronal death and/or synapse reconstruction. NGF might inhibit these processes depending on its neurotrophic activity. The nociceptive ...
... of the sciatic nerve are suppressed by continuous NGF infusion.16 Chronic hypersensitivities is thought to be induced by increasing glutamate release that causes neuronal death and/or synapse reconstruction. NGF might inhibit these processes depending on its neurotrophic activity. The nociceptive ...
What is a Brain State
... Philosophers have been talking about brain states for almost 50 years and as of yet no one has articulated a theoretical account of what one is. In fact this issue has received almost no attention and cognitive scientists still use meaningless phrases like ‘C-Fiber Firing’ and ‘Neuronal Activity’ wh ...
... Philosophers have been talking about brain states for almost 50 years and as of yet no one has articulated a theoretical account of what one is. In fact this issue has received almost no attention and cognitive scientists still use meaningless phrases like ‘C-Fiber Firing’ and ‘Neuronal Activity’ wh ...
Oxidative stress-driven parvalbumin interneuron impairment as a
... Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the et ...
... Parvalbumin inhibitory interneurons (PVIs) are crucial for maintaining proper excitatory/inhibitory balance and high-frequency neuronal synchronization. Their activity supports critical developmental trajectories, sensory and cognitive processing, and social behavior. Despite heterogeneity in the et ...
Prefibrillar Amyloid Aggregates Could Be Generic Toxins in Higher
... solution in DMSO to a solution containing 1.0 mg of prefibrillar or fibrillar aggregates dissolved in 0.1 ml of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.5. After 1 h incubation at room temperature with stirring, the reaction was quenched by adding 10 ml of 1.5 M hydroxylamine, pH 8.5. The medium was ex ...
... solution in DMSO to a solution containing 1.0 mg of prefibrillar or fibrillar aggregates dissolved in 0.1 ml of 0.1 M sodium bicarbonate buffer, pH 8.5. After 1 h incubation at room temperature with stirring, the reaction was quenched by adding 10 ml of 1.5 M hydroxylamine, pH 8.5. The medium was ex ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... 2008), such metaplasticity would affect intrinsic plasticity mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For ...
... 2008), such metaplasticity would affect intrinsic plasticity mechanisms as well, thus altering various intraneuronal maps, either locally or globally, in an intricately coupled manner. Several common themes emerge by comparing plasticity in these intraneuronal maps to plasticity in sensory maps. For ...
Receptive-Field Characteristics of Neurons in Cat
... 42). A: monocular conditioning of the simple cell by using two asynchronous stimuli, only one of which (test stimulus) was in synchrony with the histogram analyzer (9). This allowed the background activity to be artificially increased which, in turn, delineated the inhibitory zones next to the excit ...
... 42). A: monocular conditioning of the simple cell by using two asynchronous stimuli, only one of which (test stimulus) was in synchrony with the histogram analyzer (9). This allowed the background activity to be artificially increased which, in turn, delineated the inhibitory zones next to the excit ...
The Nrf2/ARE Pathway as a Potential Therapeutic Target in
... after injury could attenuate damage in an Nrf2-dependent manner (70, 71). In one case, sulforaphane was administered 30 min after intracerebral hemorrhage, and in the other, 15 min after traumatic brain injury. These studies indicate that Nrf2 activation after insult may be beneficial therapeuticall ...
... after injury could attenuate damage in an Nrf2-dependent manner (70, 71). In one case, sulforaphane was administered 30 min after intracerebral hemorrhage, and in the other, 15 min after traumatic brain injury. These studies indicate that Nrf2 activation after insult may be beneficial therapeuticall ...
Receptive-Field Characteristics of Neurons in Cat Striate Cortex
... 42). A: monocular conditioning of the simple cell by using two asynchronous stimuli, only one of which (test stimulus) was in synchrony with the histogram analyzer (9). This allowed the background activity to be artificially increased which, in turn, delineated the inhibitory zones next to the excit ...
... 42). A: monocular conditioning of the simple cell by using two asynchronous stimuli, only one of which (test stimulus) was in synchrony with the histogram analyzer (9). This allowed the background activity to be artificially increased which, in turn, delineated the inhibitory zones next to the excit ...
Expectancies in decision making, reinforcement
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
... generate and evaluate potentially rich outcome expectancies. Animal learning studies indicate that expectancies may arise from different sources, including not only forward models but also Pavlovian associations, and the flexibility with which such representations impact behavior may depend on how t ...
Reinforcement Learning Using a Continuous Time Actor
... this can be computed by neurons. Here we propose a solution to these problems by extending the continuous temporal difference (TD) learning of Doya (2000) to the case of spiking neurons in an actor-critic network operating in continuous time, and with continuous state and action representations. In ...
... this can be computed by neurons. Here we propose a solution to these problems by extending the continuous temporal difference (TD) learning of Doya (2000) to the case of spiking neurons in an actor-critic network operating in continuous time, and with continuous state and action representations. In ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... Treves et al.: The mammalian dentate gyrus performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the ...
... Treves et al.: The mammalian dentate gyrus performing expansion recoding (Marr, 1969). In the cerebellum, however, the granule cells are postsynaptic to the axons that are called (there) mossy fibers, and the huge cerebellar expansion factor from mossy fibers to granule cells is not observed in the ...
Topography of Four Classes of Kenyon Cells in the Mushroom
... K3 cells. The cell bodies of K3 cells are slightly larger (7–9 µm in diameter) than those of K1 or K2 cells (Figs. 2, 3C,E,F), and they are located peripheral to those of K2, at the rim of the calycal cups. The main processes of K3 cells, which appeared thicker than those of K1 and K2 cells, enter t ...
... K3 cells. The cell bodies of K3 cells are slightly larger (7–9 µm in diameter) than those of K1 or K2 cells (Figs. 2, 3C,E,F), and they are located peripheral to those of K2, at the rim of the calycal cups. The main processes of K3 cells, which appeared thicker than those of K1 and K2 cells, enter t ...
Projections from the superior temporal sulcus to the agranular frontal
... and ventral parts of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Huerta & Kaas, 1990; Luppino et al., 1993). Therefore, area F6 and the SEF are the only motor areas in which cognitive and motivational information may be integrated and conveyed to other arm representations, with the exclusion of that of F1 ( ...
... and ventral parts of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Huerta & Kaas, 1990; Luppino et al., 1993). Therefore, area F6 and the SEF are the only motor areas in which cognitive and motivational information may be integrated and conveyed to other arm representations, with the exclusion of that of F1 ( ...
Functional Connectivity of the Secondary Somatosensory Cortex of
... responded to peripheral stimulation at a longer latency than S1 neurons in rats (Brett-Green et al., 2003, 2004; Benison et al., 2007). In contrast, other studies support a parallel processing of somatic information. Retrograde tracing investigations have shown that a single neuron in the ventral po ...
... responded to peripheral stimulation at a longer latency than S1 neurons in rats (Brett-Green et al., 2003, 2004; Benison et al., 2007). In contrast, other studies support a parallel processing of somatic information. Retrograde tracing investigations have shown that a single neuron in the ventral po ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... a ground lead for neuronal recordings and iontophoretic tracer injections. A 1-mm2 craniotomy was made over the DLS or thalamus to enable neuronal recordings and tracer injections. In all experiments, a data acquisition system (SciWorks, ver. 6.0; DataWave Technologies, Broomfield, CO) provided on-l ...
... a ground lead for neuronal recordings and iontophoretic tracer injections. A 1-mm2 craniotomy was made over the DLS or thalamus to enable neuronal recordings and tracer injections. In all experiments, a data acquisition system (SciWorks, ver. 6.0; DataWave Technologies, Broomfield, CO) provided on-l ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... muscle groups limit the set of actions that can be expressed simultaneously. Some mechanism is required to reduce the repertoire of currently available actions to just those actions capable of simultaneous expression. Given the constraints of biological tissue, a central rather than distributed sele ...
... muscle groups limit the set of actions that can be expressed simultaneously. Some mechanism is required to reduce the repertoire of currently available actions to just those actions capable of simultaneous expression. Given the constraints of biological tissue, a central rather than distributed sele ...
Chapter 15: Neural Integration I: Sensory Pathways and the Somatic
... Phasic receptors are normally inactive, but become active for a short time whenever a change occurs in the conditions they are monitoring. They provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus. ...
... Phasic receptors are normally inactive, but become active for a short time whenever a change occurs in the conditions they are monitoring. They provide information about the intensity and rate of change of a stimulus. ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... identification of the synaptic structures specifically affected. Some findings that have identified alterations in specific structures, such as reduced bouton densities, have used a general marker such as synaptophysin, which labels nearly all boutons in cortex (Jahn et al., 1985; Navone et al., 198 ...
... identification of the synaptic structures specifically affected. Some findings that have identified alterations in specific structures, such as reduced bouton densities, have used a general marker such as synaptophysin, which labels nearly all boutons in cortex (Jahn et al., 1985; Navone et al., 198 ...
FREE Sample Here
... Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 15) During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 2 are true. e) all of these cho ...
... Section Reference 1: Sec 12.3 Electrical Signals in Neurons 15) During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na+ channel, 1. the inactivation gate is open. 2. the activation gate is closed. 3. the channel is permeable to Na+. a) 1 only b) 2 only c) 3 only d) both 1 and 2 are true. e) all of these cho ...
Pre-synaptic Terminal Dynamics in the Hippocampus
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...
... There are several types of structural changes associated to various forms of activity-dependent alterations in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Early examples come from studies of sensory deprivation during critical periods of postnatal development. In kittens, using monocular deprivation Hubel a ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... many sets of functionally distinct neurons, classified into two major groups: MCNs and parvocellular neurons. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons send their axons to the median eminence, from where they release hypophysiotropic hormones that control the function of the anterior pituitary and the ma ...
... many sets of functionally distinct neurons, classified into two major groups: MCNs and parvocellular neurons. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons send their axons to the median eminence, from where they release hypophysiotropic hormones that control the function of the anterior pituitary and the ma ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... many sets of functionally distinct neurons, classified into two major groups: MCNs and parvocellular neurons. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons send their axons to the median eminence, from where they release hypophysiotropic hormones that control the function of the anterior pituitary and the ma ...
... many sets of functionally distinct neurons, classified into two major groups: MCNs and parvocellular neurons. Parvocellular neurosecretory neurons send their axons to the median eminence, from where they release hypophysiotropic hormones that control the function of the anterior pituitary and the ma ...
Radial glia in the proliferative ventricular zone of the embryonic and
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
... coincides with sites of neurogenesis.10 Conclusive evidence demonstrated that RG cells produce neurons.5,11-16 The evidence demonstrating that RG cells are neuronal precursor cells was made possible by new technology, specifically fluorescent protein-expressing retroviruses combined with time-lapse ...
The Role of Selective Transport in Neuronal Protein
... In the case of TfR-GFP, accumulation of GFP fluorescence in the dendritic plasma membrane was not obvious. The staining pattern remained predominantly punctate even at late times after the onset of expression. This is not surprising, since TfR recycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and endosom ...
... In the case of TfR-GFP, accumulation of GFP fluorescence in the dendritic plasma membrane was not obvious. The staining pattern remained predominantly punctate even at late times after the onset of expression. This is not surprising, since TfR recycles rapidly between the plasma membrane and endosom ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.