Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
... Information about the responses of neurons to the spatial and temporal frequencies of visual stimuli is important for understanding the types of computations being performed in different visual areas. We characterized the spatiotemporal selectivity of neurons in the middle temporal area (MT), which ...
Smell and Taste: The Chemical Senses
... with its receptor induces an interaction between the receptor and a heterotrimeric G protein. This interaction causes release of the G protein's GTP-coupled αsubunit, Gαolf, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. The increased cAMP leads to the opening of cyclic nucleotidegated cati ...
... with its receptor induces an interaction between the receptor and a heterotrimeric G protein. This interaction causes release of the G protein's GTP-coupled αsubunit, Gαolf, which then stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce cAMP. The increased cAMP leads to the opening of cyclic nucleotidegated cati ...
Striatal Plasticity and Basal Ganglia Circuit Function
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
... Malenka, 2005), which are released from MSNs and exert apparent presynaptic effects (Yin and Lovinger, 2006) that may account for some of the reported actions of dopamine on synaptic vesicle cycling (Bamford et al., 2004; Bamford et al., 2008). LTD at Excitatory Synapses on MSNs High-frequency stimu ...
File
... hamsters to have no rhythmic activity. Also suppose you transplanted the SCN of wild-type hamsters into hamsters with this mutation. What result would you expect from this experiment, assuming that the SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm? a) The recipients would have rhythmic activity ...
... hamsters to have no rhythmic activity. Also suppose you transplanted the SCN of wild-type hamsters into hamsters with this mutation. What result would you expect from this experiment, assuming that the SCN determines the period of the circadian rhythm? a) The recipients would have rhythmic activity ...
Brain Development
... Myelination begins in the brain stem and cerebellum before birth, but is not completed in the frontal cortex until late in adolescence. Breast feeding contributes to more rapid myelination in the brain. 4. Synaptogenesis is the process of forming networks of connections in the brain. Synapses begi ...
... Myelination begins in the brain stem and cerebellum before birth, but is not completed in the frontal cortex until late in adolescence. Breast feeding contributes to more rapid myelination in the brain. 4. Synaptogenesis is the process of forming networks of connections in the brain. Synapses begi ...
Full text article
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
... Establishment of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal-gonadal function is dependent on the highly controlled and dynamic interactions between regulatory signals from the brain, pituitary and gonads, all of them leading to the attainment of reproductive capacity, where a coordinated and timely activation of ...
Mechanisms Underlying the Cardioinhibitory and Pressor
... SAP and vertebral nerve activity (VNA) were recorded. Neurons in the FTG, NA, DMV and CVLM were stimulated by microinjection of sodium glutamate (25 mM Glu, 70 nl). To study if the NA, DMV, and CVLM relayed the cardioinhibitory messages from the FTG, 24 mM kainic acid (KA, 100 nl) was used as an exc ...
... SAP and vertebral nerve activity (VNA) were recorded. Neurons in the FTG, NA, DMV and CVLM were stimulated by microinjection of sodium glutamate (25 mM Glu, 70 nl). To study if the NA, DMV, and CVLM relayed the cardioinhibitory messages from the FTG, 24 mM kainic acid (KA, 100 nl) was used as an exc ...
Olfaction
... Olfactory Physiology § Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located § Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air ...
... Olfactory Physiology § Olfactory cleft: A narrow space at the back of the nose into which air flows, where the main olfactory epithelium is located § Olfactory epithelium: A secretory mucous membrane in the human nose whose primary function is to detect odorants in inhaled air ...
Nerve Cell Communication - URMC
... that separates the two neurons in your model. 4. The outside of the neuron that is not conducting an impulse will have a ________________ (negative or positive) charge. 5. An impulse (action potential) could be described as area of ________________ (negative or positive) charges that travel over the ...
... that separates the two neurons in your model. 4. The outside of the neuron that is not conducting an impulse will have a ________________ (negative or positive) charge. 5. An impulse (action potential) could be described as area of ________________ (negative or positive) charges that travel over the ...
Chapter 17- The Special Senses
... A) hyperopia B) myopia C) astigmatism D) astigmatism and myopia E) astigmatism and hyperopia 27) Which of the following is correct? A) Convergence refers to the type of vision resulting when both eyes focus on one set of objects. B) Binocular vision refers to medial movements that directed both eyes ...
... A) hyperopia B) myopia C) astigmatism D) astigmatism and myopia E) astigmatism and hyperopia 27) Which of the following is correct? A) Convergence refers to the type of vision resulting when both eyes focus on one set of objects. B) Binocular vision refers to medial movements that directed both eyes ...
PDF version - Richard Andersen
... continue to fixate it. However, no peripheral target was flashed One week after the first surgery (for the acrylic skull cap and the during this fixation, and after the offset of the fixation spot, the eye coil), training was begun. Initially the animals learned to fixate monkey had to keep his eye ...
... continue to fixate it. However, no peripheral target was flashed One week after the first surgery (for the acrylic skull cap and the during this fixation, and after the offset of the fixation spot, the eye coil), training was begun. Initially the animals learned to fixate monkey had to keep his eye ...
Millisecond Timescale Synchrony among Hippocampal Neurons
... and millisecond synchronous connections (red) in a recording session with an 8 shank ⫻ 8 electrode (inset; ⬃20 m between electrodes, and 200 m between shanks; x-axis, shank number) in CA3 and 4 shank ⫻ 8 electrodes in CA1. Only connected cells are shown, and distances between cells are not to scal ...
... and millisecond synchronous connections (red) in a recording session with an 8 shank ⫻ 8 electrode (inset; ⬃20 m between electrodes, and 200 m between shanks; x-axis, shank number) in CA3 and 4 shank ⫻ 8 electrodes in CA1. Only connected cells are shown, and distances between cells are not to scal ...
Brain asymmetry is encoded at the level of axon terminal morphology
... unlike any other axon type we are aware of (Figure 2g). One hypothesis we considered was that L- and R-sided neurons might 'spiral' in opposite senses (clockwise versus counter-clockwise); however, this is not the case and indeed, branches from individual neurons frequently reverse sense within the ...
... unlike any other axon type we are aware of (Figure 2g). One hypothesis we considered was that L- and R-sided neurons might 'spiral' in opposite senses (clockwise versus counter-clockwise); however, this is not the case and indeed, branches from individual neurons frequently reverse sense within the ...
PDF
... future rewards. These results are consistent with current conceptualizations of orbitofrontal cortex as supporting model-based behavior and suggest an unexpected role for this information in dopaminergic error signaling. Midbrain dopamine neurons signal errors in reward prediction1–3. These error si ...
... future rewards. These results are consistent with current conceptualizations of orbitofrontal cortex as supporting model-based behavior and suggest an unexpected role for this information in dopaminergic error signaling. Midbrain dopamine neurons signal errors in reward prediction1–3. These error si ...
The functional organization of the intraparietal sulcus in humans and
... thereof), and planning and executing object-centred movements. The areas within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in particular, serve as interfaces between the perceptive and motor systems for controlling arm and eye movements in space. We review here the latest evidence for the existence of the IPS ...
... thereof), and planning and executing object-centred movements. The areas within the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), in particular, serve as interfaces between the perceptive and motor systems for controlling arm and eye movements in space. We review here the latest evidence for the existence of the IPS ...
Fig. 1
... studied Hsp90 subcellular distribution in cultured hippocampal neurons in different developmental stages, including neurites' growth, axon elongation and dendrites' development and maturation. Hippocampal neurons were fixed at different developmental stages (1, 2, 3, 6, 21 days in vitro, DIV) and sta ...
... studied Hsp90 subcellular distribution in cultured hippocampal neurons in different developmental stages, including neurites' growth, axon elongation and dendrites' development and maturation. Hippocampal neurons were fixed at different developmental stages (1, 2, 3, 6, 21 days in vitro, DIV) and sta ...
Physiological Psychology - II Sem
... the great majority of existing species, the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Cambrian period, over 500 million years ago. Cells The nervous system is primarily made up of two categories of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons The nervous system is defined by the ...
... the great majority of existing species, the nervous system has a common structure that originated early in the Cambrian period, over 500 million years ago. Cells The nervous system is primarily made up of two categories of cells: neurons and glial cells. Neurons The nervous system is defined by the ...
ap psych 2012 unit 3a and 3b
... ____ 31. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI. ____ 32. Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the ...
... ____ 31. To identify which specific brain areas are most active during a particular mental task, researchers would be most likely to make use of a(n) a. fMRI. b. hemispherectomy. c. ACh agonist. d. brain lesion. e. MRI. ____ 32. Transferring messages from a motor neuron to a leg muscle requires the ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... Electrical stimulation As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (1 ...
... Electrical stimulation As summarized schematically in Fig. 2, bipolar stimulation electrodes (100 mm stainless steel, Formvar-insulated except at the tips, twisted together) were placed in the LOT (4.7 mm anterior; 3.4 mm lateral; 5.2 ventral from bregma), in pPC (3.6 mm posterior, 3.0 mm lateral (1 ...
Action, time and the basal ganglia - Philosophical Transactions of
... velocity. It is this higher order input variable that is fed into the velocity control system and compared with the velocity reference signal. Still higher levels can also use velocity control for their purposes by sending their reference signals that are proportional to their own error signals. For ...
... velocity. It is this higher order input variable that is fed into the velocity control system and compared with the velocity reference signal. Still higher levels can also use velocity control for their purposes by sending their reference signals that are proportional to their own error signals. For ...
Thalamocortical projection from the ventral posteromedial nucleus
... SI receives various afferents from the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), agranular insular cortex, homotopic area of contralateral SI, and Po. These excitatory afferents have been considered as effective elements that act on the pyramidal neurons of layers II/III. Thus, layer I seems to be one o ...
... SI receives various afferents from the secondary somatosensory cortex (SII), agranular insular cortex, homotopic area of contralateral SI, and Po. These excitatory afferents have been considered as effective elements that act on the pyramidal neurons of layers II/III. Thus, layer I seems to be one o ...
Morphology of HRP-Injected Spinocervical Tract Neurons: Effect of
... fine fibers may causethe observed change in modality input. (2) There may be a functional or morphological changein the intraspinal circuitry. (3) A changein the dendritic morphology of SCT cells may contribute to the observed modality reorganization. In this paper we focus on the most accessibleof ...
... fine fibers may causethe observed change in modality input. (2) There may be a functional or morphological changein the intraspinal circuitry. (3) A changein the dendritic morphology of SCT cells may contribute to the observed modality reorganization. In this paper we focus on the most accessibleof ...
Respiratory
... The respiratory system structurally consists of paired lungs and the air conduction ways that connect to them. The latter includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and extra-pulmonary bronchi. As in all large organ systems, the respiratory system performs a number of functions: 1. Respirat ...
... The respiratory system structurally consists of paired lungs and the air conduction ways that connect to them. The latter includes the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea and extra-pulmonary bronchi. As in all large organ systems, the respiratory system performs a number of functions: 1. Respirat ...
Laminar Differences in Dendritic Structure of Pyramidal Neurons in
... Pyramidal cell structure varies between different cortical areas and species, indicating that the cortical circuits that these cells participate in are likely to be characterized by different functional capabilities. Structural differences between cortical layers have been traditionally reported usi ...
... Pyramidal cell structure varies between different cortical areas and species, indicating that the cortical circuits that these cells participate in are likely to be characterized by different functional capabilities. Structural differences between cortical layers have been traditionally reported usi ...
hap6 - WordPress.com
... Nerve Impulse Propagation The impulse continues to move toward the cell body Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e ...
... Nerve Impulse Propagation The impulse continues to move toward the cell body Impulses travel faster when fibers have a myelin sheath Figure 7.9c–e ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.