Thalamic Activity that Drives Visual Cortical Plasticity
... Readings for the week focus on sprouting, changing receptive fields and cortical remapping What patterns of neuronal activity follow a lesion? How do these changing patterns of activity play a role in plasticity? Specifically, what are the effects of depriving visual input from one eye on the LGN a ...
... Readings for the week focus on sprouting, changing receptive fields and cortical remapping What patterns of neuronal activity follow a lesion? How do these changing patterns of activity play a role in plasticity? Specifically, what are the effects of depriving visual input from one eye on the LGN a ...
What are Neural Networks? - Teaching-WIKI
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
... output from the given training data input; 4. Ensure that the training data passes successfully, and test the network with other training/testing data; 5. Go back to Step 3 if performance is not good enough; 6. Repeat from Step 2 if Step 5 still lacks performance; or 7. Repeat from Step 1 if the net ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK ...
... Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Robotics, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK ...
This article was originally published in a journal published by
... Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cho ...
... Pharmacological data clearly indicate that both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors have a role in the encoding of new memories. Localized lesions and antagonist infusions demonstrate the anatomical locus of these cholinergic effects, and computational modeling links the function of cho ...
CELL MIGRATION IN THE FOREBRAIN
... Modes of Radial Migration in the Cerebral Cortex Radial migration of neurons generated in cortical progenitor zones follows a series of highly coordinated stages and is thought to involve at least two different modes of cell movement. The first cohort of neurons that migrate out of the cortical VZ c ...
... Modes of Radial Migration in the Cerebral Cortex Radial migration of neurons generated in cortical progenitor zones follows a series of highly coordinated stages and is thought to involve at least two different modes of cell movement. The first cohort of neurons that migrate out of the cortical VZ c ...
Integration of Perspective and Disparity Cues in Surface
... Figure 1A shows samples of the binocularly presented stimuli used in the single-unit recording and the muscimol injection experiments. 1) Solid-figure stereogram (SFS) of a square plate with perspective cues (D⫹P condition, top row): this type of stimulus had perspective cues as well as disparity cu ...
... Figure 1A shows samples of the binocularly presented stimuli used in the single-unit recording and the muscimol injection experiments. 1) Solid-figure stereogram (SFS) of a square plate with perspective cues (D⫹P condition, top row): this type of stimulus had perspective cues as well as disparity cu ...
Singing in the Brain: Investigating the Role of Adult
... The zebra finch brain contains a set of discrete regions specialized for different aspects of song learning, production, and memory. Several of these regions receive new neurons throughout life. This makes the zebra finch an excellent animal model for studying memory in vertebrates. Juveniles learn ...
... The zebra finch brain contains a set of discrete regions specialized for different aspects of song learning, production, and memory. Several of these regions receive new neurons throughout life. This makes the zebra finch an excellent animal model for studying memory in vertebrates. Juveniles learn ...
Vibration Sensitivity and a Computational Theory for Prey
... signals from other scorpions. From this input alone, direction of the disturbance source is calculated up to 20 cm distance. By ablating slit sensilla in various combinations on the eight legs, the contribution each makes in computing target location can be assessed. Other behavioral experiments sho ...
... signals from other scorpions. From this input alone, direction of the disturbance source is calculated up to 20 cm distance. By ablating slit sensilla in various combinations on the eight legs, the contribution each makes in computing target location can be assessed. Other behavioral experiments sho ...
Astrocytes - American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
... ⬃5 mV for neurons (16). This relative insensitivity of neuronal resting potential to changes in [KⳭ]o in the ‘‘physiologic’’ range may have emerged as an adaptive feature that stabilizes the resting potential of neurons in the face of the transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity ...
... ⬃5 mV for neurons (16). This relative insensitivity of neuronal resting potential to changes in [KⳭ]o in the ‘‘physiologic’’ range may have emerged as an adaptive feature that stabilizes the resting potential of neurons in the face of the transient increases in [KⳭ]o that accompany neuronal activity ...
The Human Mirror Neuron System and Embodied
... similar mirror-like properties in the parietal lobe (Fogassi et al., 1996; Fogassi and Gallese, 2000; Fogassi et al., 2005; Nelissen et al., 2005). An interesting contrast can be made between neurons with mirror-like properties in parietal and premotor regions. First, neurons in the anterior intrapa ...
... similar mirror-like properties in the parietal lobe (Fogassi et al., 1996; Fogassi and Gallese, 2000; Fogassi et al., 2005; Nelissen et al., 2005). An interesting contrast can be made between neurons with mirror-like properties in parietal and premotor regions. First, neurons in the anterior intrapa ...
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... A computerized axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan) produces a three-dimensional image obtained through X-rays of the head. A positron-emission tomography or PET scan measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain, and then sends this information to a computer, where it is analyzed. ...
... A computerized axial tomography (CAT scan or CT scan) produces a three-dimensional image obtained through X-rays of the head. A positron-emission tomography or PET scan measures the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain, and then sends this information to a computer, where it is analyzed. ...
Functional Sub-regions for Optic Flow Processing in the
... elements distributed on a dark background with radial trajectories (outward, expansion or inward, contraction) from the origin of motion. These stimuli simulated the experience of a cat traveling down a 0.57 m diameter straight tunnel with elements along the walls, at a speed varying in most cases b ...
... elements distributed on a dark background with radial trajectories (outward, expansion or inward, contraction) from the origin of motion. These stimuli simulated the experience of a cat traveling down a 0.57 m diameter straight tunnel with elements along the walls, at a speed varying in most cases b ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... Which of the following is not true regarding a group of end bulbs which affect one post-synaptic site of another neuron: a. each causes a potential of 1mV b. they will be from endings of more than one axon c. only EPSP or IPSP types will be present d. both spatial and temporal methods will be utiliz ...
... Which of the following is not true regarding a group of end bulbs which affect one post-synaptic site of another neuron: a. each causes a potential of 1mV b. they will be from endings of more than one axon c. only EPSP or IPSP types will be present d. both spatial and temporal methods will be utiliz ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... ape probably living in East Africa about 15 million years ago (Szalay and Delson 1979). Very recently, Hof and his colleagues (2001) have reported another specialized population of anterior cingulate neurons present only in apes and humans. These neurons are also located in layer 5 but are pyramidal ...
... ape probably living in East Africa about 15 million years ago (Szalay and Delson 1979). Very recently, Hof and his colleagues (2001) have reported another specialized population of anterior cingulate neurons present only in apes and humans. These neurons are also located in layer 5 but are pyramidal ...
Developmental regulation and individual differences of neuronal
... activities (15/20 genes) (FDR = 8.4 e−12, 9.4 e−7, and 4.6 e−11). Fig. 3 shows that there are two tightly connected components in the enriched biological processes, one centered on neuron development and the other on synaptic transmission. Among the genes with neuron-specific H3K4me3 peaks are many k ...
... activities (15/20 genes) (FDR = 8.4 e−12, 9.4 e−7, and 4.6 e−11). Fig. 3 shows that there are two tightly connected components in the enriched biological processes, one centered on neuron development and the other on synaptic transmission. Among the genes with neuron-specific H3K4me3 peaks are many k ...
Glial cells modulate the synaptic transmission of NTS neurons
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
... and spontaneous excitatory neurotransmission in NTSVLM neurons are modulated by exogenous ATP (AccorsiMendoncßa et al. 2007). Recent studies demonstrated that ATP is an important extracellular messenger involved with the bidirectional signaling in the glia–neuron interaction in the tripartite synaps ...
The dual nature of time preparation: neural
... complete when, during two consecutive blocks (i) the error rate was less than 5% and (ii) the coefficient of variation of RT (standard deviation divided by the mean) was at most 0.15. No TMS was delivered during the training session; however, EMG was recorded in order to estimate the voluntary EMG on ...
... complete when, during two consecutive blocks (i) the error rate was less than 5% and (ii) the coefficient of variation of RT (standard deviation divided by the mean) was at most 0.15. No TMS was delivered during the training session; however, EMG was recorded in order to estimate the voluntary EMG on ...
Tsutsui (2004) Neural mechanisms of three
... Poggio et al., 1985, 1988; Adams and Zeki, 2001). The neurons in these areas had relatively small receptive fields with retinotopic organization, and were tuned to a specific disparity (‘near’, ‘far’, or ‘zero’ disparity). The response of most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter whe ...
... Poggio et al., 1985, 1988; Adams and Zeki, 2001). The neurons in these areas had relatively small receptive fields with retinotopic organization, and were tuned to a specific disparity (‘near’, ‘far’, or ‘zero’ disparity). The response of most disparity sensitive neurons in V1 was found to alter whe ...
Jesús Pujol Martí Neural map organization and development in the lateral-line system
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
... functionally complex, mediating contrasting behaviours that are also present in the adult fish. A decade ago, Ghysen‟s research group showed that the lateralis (lateral-line) sensory neurons display a topographic neural map. The same group shed some light on when and how this map is established. Sin ...
Developmental mechanics of the primate cerebral cortex
... mechanics’ (Entwicklungsmechanik), which emphasized a causal sequence of developmental events steered by physical forces. In recent decades, such concepts were sidelined by the rapid progress of research into the genetic control of brain development. It may, however, be worthwhile to take a second l ...
... mechanics’ (Entwicklungsmechanik), which emphasized a causal sequence of developmental events steered by physical forces. In recent decades, such concepts were sidelined by the rapid progress of research into the genetic control of brain development. It may, however, be worthwhile to take a second l ...
Sound processing by local neural populations in the
... create population activation patterns which underlie perception and are largely unknown. However, studies have shown that connectivity in the cortex is mostly local: more than half of the synaptic contacts a neuron receives are believed to be from neurons within 100-200 µm away. Thus, monitoring the ...
... create population activation patterns which underlie perception and are largely unknown. However, studies have shown that connectivity in the cortex is mostly local: more than half of the synaptic contacts a neuron receives are believed to be from neurons within 100-200 µm away. Thus, monitoring the ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... motor map between the hemispheres. In the top row of this figure, the brains of 3 individuals with hand amputations who do not suffer from phantom pain are shown. In these individuals, the motor map for biceps is similar in size between the left and the right hemispheres. In the bottom row of this f ...
... motor map between the hemispheres. In the top row of this figure, the brains of 3 individuals with hand amputations who do not suffer from phantom pain are shown. In these individuals, the motor map for biceps is similar in size between the left and the right hemispheres. In the bottom row of this f ...
The organization of the cortical motor system: new concepts
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
... A modern parcellation of the agranular frontal cortex (motor cortex) of the macaque monkey is shown in Fig. 1. The subdivision is based on cytoarchitectural and histochemical data (Matelli et al., 1985, 1991). F1 basically corresponds to area 4 of Brodmann (1909), the other areas are subdivsions of ...
Superior Frontal Gyrus Superior Longitudinal Fasciculus Superior
... greater in the ipsilateral than the contralateral ear and poorly when the sound is in the contralateral sound field. The large calyceal synapses between the globular bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse ...
... greater in the ipsilateral than the contralateral ear and poorly when the sound is in the contralateral sound field. The large calyceal synapses between the globular bushy axons and the MNTB cells are very unusual one and can be seen prominently in Fig. 1. It is often said to be the largest synapse ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.