Arresting the Development of Addiction
... βarr2 modulates behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. ...
... βarr2 modulates behavioral responses to drugs of abuse, as well as its potential as a therapeutic target. ...
Implications on visual apperception: energy, duration
... It is well known that the activities of the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF) are linked to the visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition) of v ...
... It is well known that the activities of the primary visual cortex (V1) and higher visual areas (such as V2, V3, V4/V8/VO, V5/M5/MST, IT, and GF) are linked to the visual apperception (normal conscious visual experiences and conscious functions such as detection, discrimination, and recognition) of v ...
Functional anatomy of neural circuits regulating fear and extinction
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
... population of active cells and PSD-95:Venus localized to synaptodendritic compartment (Figs. 1 and 2). mRNA and proteins encoded by immediate early genes such as c-Fos, Arc, or Homer are widely used as markers of neuronal activation in behavioral studies including studies on fear (16). However, they ...
internal structure of spinal cord
... HORN. IT CONSISTS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED CELLS THAT FORM THE POSTERO-MARGINAL NUCLEUS. IT MAINLY RECEIVES PRIMARY AFFERENTS AND AXONS OF LAMINA II CELLS. THIS LAMINA RESPONDS TO NOXIOUS STIMULI LAMINA II. CONTAINS TIGHTLY PACKED ROUND CELLS. THE LAYER CORRESPONDS TO THE SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA. THI ...
... HORN. IT CONSISTS OF SMALL AND MEDIUM-SIZED CELLS THAT FORM THE POSTERO-MARGINAL NUCLEUS. IT MAINLY RECEIVES PRIMARY AFFERENTS AND AXONS OF LAMINA II CELLS. THIS LAMINA RESPONDS TO NOXIOUS STIMULI LAMINA II. CONTAINS TIGHTLY PACKED ROUND CELLS. THE LAYER CORRESPONDS TO THE SUBSTANTIA GELATINOSA. THI ...
Multimodal Integration in Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Provides an
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
... signals underlies the accurate computation of body motion. Furthermore, the same neurons that encode body motion (i.e., bimodal neurons) most likely encode vestibular signals in a body-referenced coordinate frame, since the integration of proprioceptive and vestibular information is required for bot ...
Chapter 9 Sleep and Biological Rhythms
... Human narcolepsy is a genetic disorder that is influenced by unknown env’tal factors There is a mutation of the gene that codes for a receptor for the peptide hypocretin (aka orexin), which is produced by neurons in the hypothalamus ...
... Human narcolepsy is a genetic disorder that is influenced by unknown env’tal factors There is a mutation of the gene that codes for a receptor for the peptide hypocretin (aka orexin), which is produced by neurons in the hypothalamus ...
pdf file
... Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which both are active to prepare for certain actions or bodily changes and when such actions or body states are observed in other persons. The discovery of mirror neurons originates from single cell r ...
... Recently it has been found that in humans a specific type of neurons exists, called mirror neurons, which both are active to prepare for certain actions or bodily changes and when such actions or body states are observed in other persons. The discovery of mirror neurons originates from single cell r ...
I. Neurons are the anatomical elements of neural systems
... side of the eye to run within the choroids as two long ciliary nerves. They exit the sclera on either side of the optic nerve, running back and medially to join the nasociliary nerve. d. Majority of fibers in the long ciliary nerves are from the cornea Stimulation of corneal or conjunctival nerve en ...
... side of the eye to run within the choroids as two long ciliary nerves. They exit the sclera on either side of the optic nerve, running back and medially to join the nasociliary nerve. d. Majority of fibers in the long ciliary nerves are from the cornea Stimulation of corneal or conjunctival nerve en ...
Amyloid-Beta Induced Changes in Vesicular Transport of BDNF in
... which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenera ...
... which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is an important growth factor in the CNS. Deficits in transport of this secretory protein could underlie neurodegenera ...
Calcium Binding Protein-Like lmmunoreactivity Labels the Terminal
... Bristol Laboratories) and were kept warm with a heating pad throughout the injection procedure. The micropipette was targeted stereotaxically and lowered into NL with a remote-controlled, stepping motor-coupled microdrive. Evoked potentials or “neurophonic” responses (see Sullivan and Konishi, 1986) ...
... Bristol Laboratories) and were kept warm with a heating pad throughout the injection procedure. The micropipette was targeted stereotaxically and lowered into NL with a remote-controlled, stepping motor-coupled microdrive. Evoked potentials or “neurophonic” responses (see Sullivan and Konishi, 1986) ...
NEUROTRANSMISSION
... be having a neurotransmission breakdown because I don’t get it.” Jay agrees. Corty asks them for examples on how to send information. The kids respond, “By telephone, e-mail, instant message, letters…” Corty says, “Right. But brains don’t have telephones or computers. Well, I mean, I do, but I’m…dif ...
... be having a neurotransmission breakdown because I don’t get it.” Jay agrees. Corty asks them for examples on how to send information. The kids respond, “By telephone, e-mail, instant message, letters…” Corty says, “Right. But brains don’t have telephones or computers. Well, I mean, I do, but I’m…dif ...
Tsodyks-Banbury-2006
... constant shift of the {e}’s, that, when large enough, causes the network to burst and reach a new steady state ...
... constant shift of the {e}’s, that, when large enough, causes the network to burst and reach a new steady state ...
Low-Dose Alcohol Consumption Protects against Transient Focal
... and 1% alcohol-fed mice treated without and with rosiglitazone or GW9662. Values are means 6 SE for 6 mice in each group. *P,0.05 vs. Nonalcohol. #P,0.05 vs. Without Treatment. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041716.g001 ...
... and 1% alcohol-fed mice treated without and with rosiglitazone or GW9662. Values are means 6 SE for 6 mice in each group. *P,0.05 vs. Nonalcohol. #P,0.05 vs. Without Treatment. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041716.g001 ...
Neuronsderivedfromradialglialcells establish radial units in neocortex
... zone. In general, glia are generated after neurons during development1, but radial glia are an exception to this rule. Radial glia are generated before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migration2. Radial glia are mitotically active throughout neurogenesis3, and disappear or become astrocytes when neu ...
... zone. In general, glia are generated after neurons during development1, but radial glia are an exception to this rule. Radial glia are generated before neurogenesis and guide neuronal migration2. Radial glia are mitotically active throughout neurogenesis3, and disappear or become astrocytes when neu ...
Neuregulin-1/ErbB4 signaling regulates Kv4.2-mediated - AJP-Cell
... and well-defined developmental pathway in vitro, cultures of primary CGNs have been established as a model for studying neuronal maturation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (9, 39). Previous studies have indicated that growth and differentiation factors can either stimulate or inhibit CGN d ...
... and well-defined developmental pathway in vitro, cultures of primary CGNs have been established as a model for studying neuronal maturation, differentiation, and synaptic plasticity (9, 39). Previous studies have indicated that growth and differentiation factors can either stimulate or inhibit CGN d ...
Chunking of Action Sequences in the Cortex
... (see Section 4). The basal ganglia in our model have four directional commands to move the rat. In addition to these four commands we have implemented a special fifth action. The purpose of this action is to yield control to the cortex model for a step. It is important to note that this is probably n ...
... (see Section 4). The basal ganglia in our model have four directional commands to move the rat. In addition to these four commands we have implemented a special fifth action. The purpose of this action is to yield control to the cortex model for a step. It is important to note that this is probably n ...
Mietzsch U, McKenna J 3rd, Reith RM, Way SW, Gambello MJ. Comparative analysis of Tsc1 and Tsc2 single and double radial glial cell mutants. J Comp Neurol. 2013 Nov. 521(16):3817-31.
... a more severe brain phenotype in the Tsc2 animals (Zeng et al., 2011). The Tsc2GFAP1 CKO mice had an earlier onset and higher frequency of seizures and more severe histologic deficits than Tsc1 animals. Moreover, increased mTORC1 activation was seen in the Tsc2 brains and may have led to the more se ...
... a more severe brain phenotype in the Tsc2 animals (Zeng et al., 2011). The Tsc2GFAP1 CKO mice had an earlier onset and higher frequency of seizures and more severe histologic deficits than Tsc1 animals. Moreover, increased mTORC1 activation was seen in the Tsc2 brains and may have led to the more se ...
GENERAL CONCLUSIONS
... How do local circuits of the honeybee AL transform the RN responses into temporal complex and contrast-enhanced representations of odors at the output level? Using pharmacological tools such as the chloride channel blocker picrotoxin (PTX), the inhibitory interactions within the AL could be investig ...
... How do local circuits of the honeybee AL transform the RN responses into temporal complex and contrast-enhanced representations of odors at the output level? Using pharmacological tools such as the chloride channel blocker picrotoxin (PTX), the inhibitory interactions within the AL could be investig ...
7. MODELING THE SOMATOTOPIC MAP 7.1 The Somatotopic Map
... the somatosensory cortex. This projection connects neurons of the cortex with touch receptors in the skin surface such that neighborhood relations are preserved. Adjacent touch receptors in the skin surface are thus connected to adjacent neurons (Kaas et al. 1979). However, the projection is strongl ...
... the somatosensory cortex. This projection connects neurons of the cortex with touch receptors in the skin surface such that neighborhood relations are preserved. Adjacent touch receptors in the skin surface are thus connected to adjacent neurons (Kaas et al. 1979). However, the projection is strongl ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... geometry and no displacement of the hand. Preliminary results of this study have been reported previously (Hamel-Pâquet et al. 2002, 2003). Terms borrowed from mechanics (e.g., kinematics, kinetics, dynamics) are used throughout this paper. However, they are used here only in a general sense as con ...
... geometry and no displacement of the hand. Preliminary results of this study have been reported previously (Hamel-Pâquet et al. 2002, 2003). Terms borrowed from mechanics (e.g., kinematics, kinetics, dynamics) are used throughout this paper. However, they are used here only in a general sense as con ...
Synapse
... regulation of motor behavior. This distinct characteristic in the pharmacology of cocaethylene provides an opportunity to study the relative contribution(s) of DA and 5-HT molecules on cocaethylene-stimulated behaviors, particularly those associated with stereotypy and exploratory behavior. Indeed, ...
... regulation of motor behavior. This distinct characteristic in the pharmacology of cocaethylene provides an opportunity to study the relative contribution(s) of DA and 5-HT molecules on cocaethylene-stimulated behaviors, particularly those associated with stereotypy and exploratory behavior. Indeed, ...
Biomimetic approaches to the control of underwater walking machines
... system (Delcomyn 1980). Lobsters and crayfish served as important model systems in the development of the command neuron, coordinating neuron and central pattern generator (CPG) model of the organization of innate motor systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the ...
... system (Delcomyn 1980). Lobsters and crayfish served as important model systems in the development of the command neuron, coordinating neuron and central pattern generator (CPG) model of the organization of innate motor systems (Kennedy & Davis 1977; Pearson 1993). The basis of this model is that the ...
Cxcl12/Cxcr4 signaling controls the migration and
... neuroblasts and neurons (Smidt et al., 2000); and Nurr1, which is a nuclear receptor expressed by postmitotic mDA neuroblasts and neurons (Castillo et al., 1998; Saucedo-Cardenas et al., 1998; Zetterström et al., 1997; Castillo et al., 1998; Saucedo-Cardenas et al., 1998; Zetterström et al., 1997). ...
... neuroblasts and neurons (Smidt et al., 2000); and Nurr1, which is a nuclear receptor expressed by postmitotic mDA neuroblasts and neurons (Castillo et al., 1998; Saucedo-Cardenas et al., 1998; Zetterström et al., 1997; Castillo et al., 1998; Saucedo-Cardenas et al., 1998; Zetterström et al., 1997). ...
Synaptic Specificity in Frog Sympathetic Ganglia During
... elicited directly by a depolarizing current pulse (Purves, 1975). Some neurons appeared to receive both a B fiber and a C fiber input, with synaptic potentials of each having similar size and waveform. In such cases, the possibility that branches of one axon were present in both preganglionic roots ...
... elicited directly by a depolarizing current pulse (Purves, 1975). Some neurons appeared to receive both a B fiber and a C fiber input, with synaptic potentials of each having similar size and waveform. In such cases, the possibility that branches of one axon were present in both preganglionic roots ...
Noise in Neurons and Other Constraints
... much less than any computer of equivalent computational power would need (and in fact less then current portable computers). This is, taking an engineering, view surprising. Brains use low quality components for electrical signals: fat as electrical insulator, protein transistors and salty water as ...
... much less than any computer of equivalent computational power would need (and in fact less then current portable computers). This is, taking an engineering, view surprising. Brains use low quality components for electrical signals: fat as electrical insulator, protein transistors and salty water as ...
Optogenetics
Optogenetics (from Greek optikós, meaning ""seen, visible"") is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels. It is a neuromodulation method employed in neuroscience that uses a combination of techniques from optics and genetics to control and monitor the activities of individual neurons in living tissue—even within freely-moving animals—and to precisely measure the effects of those manipulations in real-time. The key reagents used in optogenetics are light-sensitive proteins. Spatially-precise neuronal control is achieved using optogenetic actuators like channelrhodopsin, halorhodopsin, and archaerhodopsin, while temporally-precise recordings can be made with the help of optogenetic sensors for calcium (Aequorin, Cameleon, GCaMP), chloride (Clomeleon) or membrane voltage (Mermaid).The earliest approaches were developed and applied by Boris Zemelman and Gero Miesenböck, at the Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New York City, and Dirk Trauner, Richard Kramer and Ehud Isacoff at the University of California, Berkeley; these methods conferred light sensitivity but were never reported to be useful by other laboratories due to the multiple components these approaches required. A distinct single-component approach involving microbial opsin genes introduced in 2005 turned out to be widely applied, as described below. Optogenetics is known for the high spatial and temporal resolution that it provides in altering the activity of specific types of neurons to control a subject's behaviour.In 2010, optogenetics was chosen as the ""Method of the Year"" across all fields of science and engineering by the interdisciplinary research journal Nature Methods. At the same time, optogenetics was highlighted in the article on “Breakthroughs of the Decade” in the academic research journal Science. These journals also referenced recent public-access general-interest video Method of the year video and textual SciAm summaries of optogenetics.