of the smooth muscles
... The membrane potential usually becomes larger, the spikes decrease in frequency, and the muscle relaxes. Norepinephrine exerts both α and β actions on the muscle. The β action, reduced muscle tension in response to excitation, is mediated via cyclic AMP and is due to increased intracellular binding ...
... The membrane potential usually becomes larger, the spikes decrease in frequency, and the muscle relaxes. Norepinephrine exerts both α and β actions on the muscle. The β action, reduced muscle tension in response to excitation, is mediated via cyclic AMP and is due to increased intracellular binding ...
Parietal Cortex and Hippocampal Contributions to RuleBased
... brains, rats provide a useful model for many cognitive processes and abilities. Rats have excellent spatial navigation skills, and are ideal study subjects for experiments involving single cell recordings. In addition, rats and humans share many brain structures, including the hippocampus and par ...
... brains, rats provide a useful model for many cognitive processes and abilities. Rats have excellent spatial navigation skills, and are ideal study subjects for experiments involving single cell recordings. In addition, rats and humans share many brain structures, including the hippocampus and par ...
Lecture 2: Structure and function of the NS
... Within the neuron (conduction) To achieve long distance (several cm), rapid communication (150 m/s), neurons have evolved special abilities for sending electrical signals (Action potentials) ...
... Within the neuron (conduction) To achieve long distance (several cm), rapid communication (150 m/s), neurons have evolved special abilities for sending electrical signals (Action potentials) ...
Differentiated Parkinson patient-derived induced
... he induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology provides an opportunity to generate cells with characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells, including pluripotency and potentially unlimited self-renewal (1). During the past few years, several studies have reported a directed differentiation of iPS ...
... he induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell technology provides an opportunity to generate cells with characteristics of embryonic stem (ES) cells, including pluripotency and potentially unlimited self-renewal (1). During the past few years, several studies have reported a directed differentiation of iPS ...
Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex
... and not to disparity. Another possible explanation is that subdural electrodes averaged population activity across several disparity columns. In monkeys, at single-cell level, there is disparity sensitivity in areas V1, V2, V3 and V3A (Poggio et al., 1985, 1988; Gonzalez et al., 1993; Durand et al., ...
... and not to disparity. Another possible explanation is that subdural electrodes averaged population activity across several disparity columns. In monkeys, at single-cell level, there is disparity sensitivity in areas V1, V2, V3 and V3A (Poggio et al., 1985, 1988; Gonzalez et al., 1993; Durand et al., ...
high-speed in vivo calcium imaging reveals neuronal network
... rate and cell number hold for RAPS patterns with different numbers of points (Fig. 2d). Reliable spike detection with near-millisecond precision To directly examine whether single action potentials (1APs) can be detected and how precisely their timing might be inferred from the fluorescence traces, ...
... rate and cell number hold for RAPS patterns with different numbers of points (Fig. 2d). Reliable spike detection with near-millisecond precision To directly examine whether single action potentials (1APs) can be detected and how precisely their timing might be inferred from the fluorescence traces, ...
Experiment HN-6: Hoffman Reflex using the Soleus Muscle
... The Hoffman reflex is studied regularly in sports medicine research because of its changes in response to injuries and various therapies. An example of this is clear in people who have recently sprained their ankle. The very definition of a sprain injury is damage to a ligament, however, ligaments a ...
... The Hoffman reflex is studied regularly in sports medicine research because of its changes in response to injuries and various therapies. An example of this is clear in people who have recently sprained their ankle. The very definition of a sprain injury is damage to a ligament, however, ligaments a ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never silent but fire spontaneously at rates of 1–10 Hz between different trials of a working memory task, outside a task context, or even during the delay phases if they are not tuned to t ...
... Low spontaneous and selective high-activity states In contrast to the model in Fig. 2, PFC neurons in vivo are never silent but fire spontaneously at rates of 1–10 Hz between different trials of a working memory task, outside a task context, or even during the delay phases if they are not tuned to t ...
High-performance genetically targetable optical neural silencing by
... Arch and Mac represent members of a new, diverse, and powerful class of optical neural silencing reagent, the light-driven proton pump, which operates without the need for exogenous chemical supplementation in mammalian cells. The efficacy of these proton pumps is surprising, given that protons occu ...
... Arch and Mac represent members of a new, diverse, and powerful class of optical neural silencing reagent, the light-driven proton pump, which operates without the need for exogenous chemical supplementation in mammalian cells. The efficacy of these proton pumps is surprising, given that protons occu ...
Introduction to Neurophysiology
... Based on clinical trials, it has been suggested that brainstem lesions damaging a brain stem autoregulatory center may be responsible. Endothelial damage may also be responsible for the perturbation of pressure autoregulation. Oxygen radicals that are generated after the initial injury may cau ...
... Based on clinical trials, it has been suggested that brainstem lesions damaging a brain stem autoregulatory center may be responsible. Endothelial damage may also be responsible for the perturbation of pressure autoregulation. Oxygen radicals that are generated after the initial injury may cau ...
Stem Cells as a Cure For Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
... that maintains pluripotency can differentiate into any cell type with the aid of specified factors and signals. By means of specialized transcription factors, differentiated stem cells destined to a certain cell fate can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent stem cell state. These induced pluripotent s ...
... that maintains pluripotency can differentiate into any cell type with the aid of specified factors and signals. By means of specialized transcription factors, differentiated stem cells destined to a certain cell fate can be reprogrammed into a pluripotent stem cell state. These induced pluripotent s ...
Supplementary Information - Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit
... are fixed and identical for all connections of the same type: g E →E =1.1 nS, g I→E =1.5 nS, g E →I = 1.5 nS and g I→ I =1 nS. In the no-sharpening model, the only cortical connections that are active are inhibitory to excitatory. This model thus implements a pure “feedforward inhibition” 9. For sim ...
... are fixed and identical for all connections of the same type: g E →E =1.1 nS, g I→E =1.5 nS, g E →I = 1.5 nS and g I→ I =1 nS. In the no-sharpening model, the only cortical connections that are active are inhibitory to excitatory. This model thus implements a pure “feedforward inhibition” 9. For sim ...
Neurotransmitter and Neuromodulator Activity in
... sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique t ...
... sharp electrodes to record from the rNST neurons, but even with the very stable recording conditions provided by a brain slice it proved difficult to obtain and hold neurons (Bradley and Sweazey, 1990). These problems were overcome by using the whole cell configuration of the patch clamp technique t ...
Mutations affecting neural survival in the zebrafish Danio rerio
... present 50 mutations that fall into two classes (termed spacehead and fala-like) that are characterized by two main features: first, they appear to affect cell survival primarily within the neuroectodermal lineages during somitogenesis, and second, they show an altered brain morphology at or before ...
... present 50 mutations that fall into two classes (termed spacehead and fala-like) that are characterized by two main features: first, they appear to affect cell survival primarily within the neuroectodermal lineages during somitogenesis, and second, they show an altered brain morphology at or before ...
video slide - Buena Park High School
... Both gates of the Na+ channels are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to ...
... Both gates of the Na+ channels are closed, but the activation gates on some K+ channels are still open. As these gates close on most K+ channels, and the inactivation gates open on Na+ channels, the membrane returns to ...
“Epileptic Neurons” in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
... modeling studies, neurons that generate a high-frequency burst of action potentials as their minimal response to threshold stimulation, and particularly those that burst-fire spontaneously, were deemed critically important in entraining additional neurons into a synchronized population discharge (45 ...
... modeling studies, neurons that generate a high-frequency burst of action potentials as their minimal response to threshold stimulation, and particularly those that burst-fire spontaneously, were deemed critically important in entraining additional neurons into a synchronized population discharge (45 ...
Induced pluripotent stem cells in Parkinson`s disease
... individual, it is time-consuming and may not be affordable in the near future. The other way is to test the drugs in iPSC-derived neurons with different PD genotypes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a number of gene variants that modulate the risk of PD. For instance, a recent m ...
... individual, it is time-consuming and may not be affordable in the near future. The other way is to test the drugs in iPSC-derived neurons with different PD genotypes. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have revealed a number of gene variants that modulate the risk of PD. For instance, a recent m ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... abolish the onset of the evoked depolarization, suggesting that the transition to the up state is mediated by a non-DA mechanism, with DA acting to sustain the depolarization. Because D1 receptors enhance NMDA function in the PFC (Zheng et al., 1999; Wang and O’Donnell, 2001; Seamans et al., 2001a; ...
... abolish the onset of the evoked depolarization, suggesting that the transition to the up state is mediated by a non-DA mechanism, with DA acting to sustain the depolarization. Because D1 receptors enhance NMDA function in the PFC (Zheng et al., 1999; Wang and O’Donnell, 2001; Seamans et al., 2001a; ...
Evidence for Apoptotic Cell Death in Huntington Disease and
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
... either apoptotic or necrotic types, but it is not clear whether these two processes are mutually exclusive. For example, in the nervous system, features of apoptosis may be present in some types of anoxic-ischemic injury, a classical type of necrotic cell death (Goto et al., 1990; Tominaga et al., 1 ...
Skeletal System
... terminals, where it causes the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the extracellular space The neurotransmitters excite or inhibit the neurons or target organs with which the axon is in close contact ...
... terminals, where it causes the release of chemicals called neurotransmitters into the extracellular space The neurotransmitters excite or inhibit the neurons or target organs with which the axon is in close contact ...
Stockholm University
... However, only a few attempts have been made to predict the accessibility of membrane proteins [9,13-15]. To our knowledge all existing methods have been specialized to predict the exposure within the membrane. Therefore, these methods require an initial prediction step to determine the exact locatio ...
... However, only a few attempts have been made to predict the accessibility of membrane proteins [9,13-15]. To our knowledge all existing methods have been specialized to predict the exposure within the membrane. Therefore, these methods require an initial prediction step to determine the exact locatio ...
Synapse Formation in the Absence of Cell Bodies Requires Protein
... (cell body or axon stump) was impaled with a microelectrode (resistance of 15–20 M⍀) containing 2.0 M K-acetate, 0.5 M KC l, and 10 mM K-H EPES, pH 7.6, and held at ⫺85 mV. Each SN was stimulated with a brief (0.3 msec) depolarizing pulse to evoke an action potential using an extracellular electrode ...
... (cell body or axon stump) was impaled with a microelectrode (resistance of 15–20 M⍀) containing 2.0 M K-acetate, 0.5 M KC l, and 10 mM K-H EPES, pH 7.6, and held at ⫺85 mV. Each SN was stimulated with a brief (0.3 msec) depolarizing pulse to evoke an action potential using an extracellular electrode ...
PDF
... is a discrete computational (in the broad sense of having rulebased input–output relations) unit, conforming to biophysical laws. The timing of firing of a neuron is determined by chemical and electrical interactions between the cell and its immediate environment. All cause and effect relations occu ...
... is a discrete computational (in the broad sense of having rulebased input–output relations) unit, conforming to biophysical laws. The timing of firing of a neuron is determined by chemical and electrical interactions between the cell and its immediate environment. All cause and effect relations occu ...
Anatomy, pigmentation, ventral and dorsal subpopulations of
... Some cases showed occasional clumps of lightly melanised cells in the ventral or lateral SN, with their long axes lying parallel in the same medial to lateral plane (figs 2a and b). At levels 3-6 the intermediate and dorsal groups retained the same deep pigment intensity as the rostral group. Pigmen ...
... Some cases showed occasional clumps of lightly melanised cells in the ventral or lateral SN, with their long axes lying parallel in the same medial to lateral plane (figs 2a and b). At levels 3-6 the intermediate and dorsal groups retained the same deep pigment intensity as the rostral group. Pigmen ...
Electrophysiology
Electrophysiology (from Greek ἥλεκτρον, ēlektron, ""amber"" [see the etymology of ""electron""]; φύσις, physis, ""nature, origin""; and -λογία, -logia) is the study of the electrical properties of biological cells and tissues. It involves measurements of voltage change or electric current on a wide variety of scales from single ion channel proteins to whole organs like the heart. In neuroscience, it includes measurements of the electrical activity of neurons, and particularly action potential activity. Recordings of large-scale electric signals from the nervous system such as electroencephalography, may also be referred to as electrophysiological recordings.