Honors Biology notes
... Glacier Bay National Park has glaciers that have retreated dramatically in the past 200 years (more on Glacier Bay) ...
... Glacier Bay National Park has glaciers that have retreated dramatically in the past 200 years (more on Glacier Bay) ...
marine food webs - Ann Arbor Earth Science
... producers are called autotrophs (meaning self-feeders) because they manufacture the food they need from the physical and chemical environment through photosynthesis (and chemosynthesis). Organisms (usually animals) that feed on autotrophs are called consumers or heterotrophs (meaning other-feeders). ...
... producers are called autotrophs (meaning self-feeders) because they manufacture the food they need from the physical and chemical environment through photosynthesis (and chemosynthesis). Organisms (usually animals) that feed on autotrophs are called consumers or heterotrophs (meaning other-feeders). ...
Root Dynamics of Cultivar and NonCultivar Population
... containing six 5 m × 25 m plots with 6 m buffers between adjacent plots. Each plot was seeded by hand with a mixture of three dominant warm-season grasses (A. gerardii, S. nutans, and Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash [little bluestem]), two non-dominant grasses, and 13 forbs frequently used in ...
... containing six 5 m × 25 m plots with 6 m buffers between adjacent plots. Each plot was seeded by hand with a mixture of three dominant warm-season grasses (A. gerardii, S. nutans, and Schizachyrium scoparium [Michx.] Nash [little bluestem]), two non-dominant grasses, and 13 forbs frequently used in ...
Life Science Middle School
... interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, b ...
... interactions, in contrast, may become so interdependent that each organism requires the other for survival. Although the species involved in these competitive, predatory, and mutually beneficial interactions vary across ecosystems, the patterns of interactions of organisms with their environments, b ...
Word File - UNESCO World Heritage Centre
... occur near upwelling centres along the coast, e.g. near Lüderitz, Cape Cross and Cape Frio. Almost 70% of the global population of Cape Fur Seals occur in these Namibian colonies. The bird guano deposits on these islands attracted thousands of ships during the 1870’s to collect the guano as fertiliz ...
... occur near upwelling centres along the coast, e.g. near Lüderitz, Cape Cross and Cape Frio. Almost 70% of the global population of Cape Fur Seals occur in these Namibian colonies. The bird guano deposits on these islands attracted thousands of ships during the 1870’s to collect the guano as fertiliz ...
Freshwater Ecosystems and Biodiversity
... In a very general sense, aquatic physical habitat may include any submerged materials or structures. One of the more important of these for flowing water is the substrate size of the benthos. Small substrates (e.g., clays) have a high surface-to-volume ratio and are relatively easily transported, as ...
... In a very general sense, aquatic physical habitat may include any submerged materials or structures. One of the more important of these for flowing water is the substrate size of the benthos. Small substrates (e.g., clays) have a high surface-to-volume ratio and are relatively easily transported, as ...
Theme 2 – Scientific Highlight
... A Beesley, DM Lowe, C Pascoe & S Widdicombe. In press. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the health of Mytilus edulis. Climate Change R Bibby, S Widdicombe, H Parry, JI Spicer & R Pipe. 2008. Impact of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquati ...
... A Beesley, DM Lowe, C Pascoe & S Widdicombe. In press. Impact of CO2 induced seawater acidification on the health of Mytilus edulis. Climate Change R Bibby, S Widdicombe, H Parry, JI Spicer & R Pipe. 2008. Impact of ocean acidification on the immune response of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Aquati ...
Placing biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in context
... important ecological services has stimulated research into the factors governing ecosystem functioning, which is typically quantified as one or more ecosystem-level process rates (e.g. primary production or detritus decomposition; ...
... important ecological services has stimulated research into the factors governing ecosystem functioning, which is typically quantified as one or more ecosystem-level process rates (e.g. primary production or detritus decomposition; ...
Mangroves PPT
... ecosystems. Things like clean drinking water, clean air, and the plants used for many medicines are all examples of ecosystem services. The health and well-being of people depend on these services. Natural ecosystems of south Florida and the plants and animals within them provide people with benefit ...
... ecosystems. Things like clean drinking water, clean air, and the plants used for many medicines are all examples of ecosystem services. The health and well-being of people depend on these services. Natural ecosystems of south Florida and the plants and animals within them provide people with benefit ...
Scaling-up Trait Variation from Individuals to Ecosystems
... they contribute to a better understanding of how trait variation effects scale up from individuals to ecosystems. ...
... they contribute to a better understanding of how trait variation effects scale up from individuals to ecosystems. ...
FUNCTIONAL MATRIX: A Conceptual Framework for Predicting
... 1999). For example, plants adapted to low-nutrient environments have high nutrient use efficiency, slow growth and photosynthetic rates, and low litter quality, which, in turn, reinforce low nutrient availability (Chapin 1993). Whereas functional grouping is a powerful framework linking plant charac ...
... 1999). For example, plants adapted to low-nutrient environments have high nutrient use efficiency, slow growth and photosynthetic rates, and low litter quality, which, in turn, reinforce low nutrient availability (Chapin 1993). Whereas functional grouping is a powerful framework linking plant charac ...
Inconsistent impacts of decomposer diversity on the stability of
... 2007; Straube et al. 2009; Eisenhauer 2010). This, however, should lead to strong mixing effects but may not necessarily translate into higher variability within systems with the same mixtures of decomposer species. Thus, soil organism interactions and functional complementarity might be more import ...
... 2007; Straube et al. 2009; Eisenhauer 2010). This, however, should lead to strong mixing effects but may not necessarily translate into higher variability within systems with the same mixtures of decomposer species. Thus, soil organism interactions and functional complementarity might be more import ...
Curriculum vitae - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution
... Moll, A., Stegert, C., Kreus, M., Pätsch, J. and Kühn, W., Modeling competition between a structured population and rest zooplankton in the North Sea using the threedimensional ecosystem model ECOHAM GLOBEC International Newsletter 13 (2), 63-64. ...
... Moll, A., Stegert, C., Kreus, M., Pätsch, J. and Kühn, W., Modeling competition between a structured population and rest zooplankton in the North Sea using the threedimensional ecosystem model ECOHAM GLOBEC International Newsletter 13 (2), 63-64. ...
Bearzi G. 2004. Investigating food
... stress), rather than because of the overall quantity of fish per se (acute nutritional stress). This suggests that prey quality is at least as important as quantity when it comes to evaluating the potential impact on the animals - a consideration that so far has been overlooked in most cetacean studi ...
... stress), rather than because of the overall quantity of fish per se (acute nutritional stress). This suggests that prey quality is at least as important as quantity when it comes to evaluating the potential impact on the animals - a consideration that so far has been overlooked in most cetacean studi ...
Energy flow of a boreal intertidal ecosystem, the Sylt
... First we compiled a holistic description of the standing stocks of the major communities and species in the Bight and of the interactions between them by means of a quantitative food web model that illustrated the rate of energy uptake, dissipation and transfer between the components of the system. ...
... First we compiled a holistic description of the standing stocks of the major communities and species in the Bight and of the interactions between them by means of a quantitative food web model that illustrated the rate of energy uptake, dissipation and transfer between the components of the system. ...
Information Sheets - Cessnock City Council
... become divided into separate smaller fragments. Given the extensive clearing that has occurred in the Lower Hunter Valley, the separate fragments tend to be very small islands isolated from each other by suburbs or agricultural land. Small fragments of native vegetation can only support small popula ...
... become divided into separate smaller fragments. Given the extensive clearing that has occurred in the Lower Hunter Valley, the separate fragments tend to be very small islands isolated from each other by suburbs or agricultural land. Small fragments of native vegetation can only support small popula ...
pdf
... and biological productivity changes, which makes them impossible to treat comprehensively (Jorgensen, 1992). Ecosystem analysis gives a description and assessment of the whole system in terms of interaction between species, productivity and major functional processes (Field et al., 1989; Heymans and ...
... and biological productivity changes, which makes them impossible to treat comprehensively (Jorgensen, 1992). Ecosystem analysis gives a description and assessment of the whole system in terms of interaction between species, productivity and major functional processes (Field et al., 1989; Heymans and ...
Principles and Concepts of Pest Management, In
... Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by means of natural enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of individuals is of prime importance, their biolog ...
... Control of insect pest population is a function of the ecosystem itself by means of natural enemies and other factors. Knowledge of the role of the principle elements of the units is essential to an understanding of population phenomenon. The study of individuals is of prime importance, their biolog ...
Higher Trophic Levels Overwhelm Climate Change
... (burrowing) macrodetritivores (i.e., millipedes, earthworms). Via the comminution of litter and the mixing of soil, these taxa are known to influence the activity of soil microbes and stimulate the mineralization (i.e., efflux, or respiration) of carbon in soil [23,24,37]. We found that the addition ...
... (burrowing) macrodetritivores (i.e., millipedes, earthworms). Via the comminution of litter and the mixing of soil, these taxa are known to influence the activity of soil microbes and stimulate the mineralization (i.e., efflux, or respiration) of carbon in soil [23,24,37]. We found that the addition ...
AP® Environmental Science - AP Central
... ultimately consumed. As energy cannot recycle, there is a continuous requirement for new energy to enter the system. Photosynthesizing organisms use a series of oxidation-reduction reactions based on solar input to produce and store their own carbohydrates, which then become the energy source for ot ...
... ultimately consumed. As energy cannot recycle, there is a continuous requirement for new energy to enter the system. Photosynthesizing organisms use a series of oxidation-reduction reactions based on solar input to produce and store their own carbohydrates, which then become the energy source for ot ...
bottom-up regulation of plant community structure in an aridland
... lag to produce a measure of the relative rate of community change over time. For each time series, the slope of the linear regression of the square root of the time lag vs. ED was used as our measure of rate of community change (Collins et al. 2000). One-way ANOVA was used to determine if community ...
... lag to produce a measure of the relative rate of community change over time. For each time series, the slope of the linear regression of the square root of the time lag vs. ED was used as our measure of rate of community change (Collins et al. 2000). One-way ANOVA was used to determine if community ...
Parallel ecological networks in ecosystems
... most empirical and theoretical study, both from a single trophic ( Tilman 1982) and from a multitrophic, food web perspective (Cohen 1978; DeAngelis 1992; Polis & Winemiller 1996). Studies that use food web theory to better understand a particular ecosystem thus implicitly assume that predation is t ...
... most empirical and theoretical study, both from a single trophic ( Tilman 1982) and from a multitrophic, food web perspective (Cohen 1978; DeAngelis 1992; Polis & Winemiller 1996). Studies that use food web theory to better understand a particular ecosystem thus implicitly assume that predation is t ...
Ecosystem
An ecosystem is a community of living organisms in conjunction with the nonliving components of their environment (things like air, water and mineral soil), interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are regarded as linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows. As ecosystems are defined by the network of interactions among organisms, and between organisms and their environment, they can be of any size but usually encompass specific, limited spaces (although some scientists say that the entire planet is an ecosystem).Energy, water, nitrogen and soil minerals are other essential abiotic components of an ecosystem. The energy that flows through ecosystems is obtained primarily from the sun. It generally enters the system through photosynthesis, a process that also captures carbon from the atmosphere. By feeding on plants and on one another, animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system. They also influence the quantity of plant and microbial biomass present. By breaking down dead organic matter, decomposers release carbon back to the atmosphere and facilitate nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that can be readily used by plants and other microbes.Ecosystems are controlled both by external and internal factors. External factors such as climate, the parent material which forms the soil and topography, control the overall structure of an ecosystem and the way things work within it, but are not themselves influenced by the ecosystem. Other external factors include time and potential biota. Ecosystems are dynamic entities—invariably, they are subject to periodic disturbances and are in the process of recovering from some past disturbance. Ecosystems in similar environments that are located in different parts of the world can have very different characteristics simply because they contain different species. The introduction of non-native species can cause substantial shifts in ecosystem function. Internal factors not only control ecosystem processes but are also controlled by them and are often subject to feedback loops. While the resource inputs are generally controlled by external processes like climate and parent material, the availability of these resources within the ecosystem is controlled by internal factors like decomposition, root competition or shading. Other internal factors include disturbance, succession and the types of species present. Although humans exist and operate within ecosystems, their cumulative effects are large enough to influence external factors like climate.Biodiversity affects ecosystem function, as do the processes of disturbance and succession. Ecosystems provide a variety of goods and services upon which people depend; the principles of ecosystem management suggest that rather than managing individual species, natural resources should be managed at the level of the ecosystem itself. Classifying ecosystems into ecologically homogeneous units is an important step towards effective ecosystem management, but there is no single, agreed-upon way to do this.